Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (692 page)

   Drug-induced acute pancreatitis (e.g., aminosalicylic acid, azathioprine, corticosteroids, dexamethasone, ethacrynic acid, ethanol, furosemide, thiazides, mercaptopurine, phenformin, triamcinolone).

   Drug-induced methodologic interference (e.g., pancreozymin [contains amylase], chloride and fluoride salts [enhance amylase activity], lipemic serum [turbidimetric methods]).

   Obstruction of pancreatic duct by

   Stone or carcinoma

   Drug-induced spasm of the sphincter of Oddi (e.g., opiates, codeine, methyl choline, cholinergics, chlorothiazide) to levels 2–15 times normal

   Partial obstruction + drug stimulation

   Biliary tract disease

   Common bile duct obstruction

   Acute cholecystitis

   Complications of pancreatitis (pseudocyst, ascites, abscess).

   Pancreatic trauma (abdominal injury; following ERCP).

   Altered GI tract permeability:

   Ischemic bowel disease or frank perforation