Voices of Islam (174 page)

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Legal schools, 58, 208

Legal systems, Bangladesh, 45–46.
See also
Islamic law;
Shari‘a

Lesbianism, 59

Li‘an
divorce, 64

Liberation Day (Bangladesh), 41 Lineage, right to, 85

Liquor, sale of, 199, 207

Loans, 208, 210–11

Lote Tree of the Furthest Boundary

(Sidrat al-Muntaha),
158, 170 n.11

Maghrib
(sunset prayer), 8, 18
Mahall
(personal status), 61 Mahfuz ibn Mahmud, 191

Mahr/mohr
(dowry), 41, 48, 49, 65–

66, 84

Makruh
(discouraged) actions, 207 Malik ibn Anas, 100, 210–11 Maliki school of law: guardianship

(wilaya),
64–65, 69; marriage

contract, 60–61

Mandub
(recommended) actions, 100, 206

‘‘Man of God,’’ 186–87.
See also
Saint- exemplars

Marfati
singers, 40

Marriage: annulments, 64;

contemporary practices, 68–70, 82;

as contract, 58, 60, 81–82; contract elements, 60–66; divorce (
See
Divorce); dowry
(mahr/mohr),
41, 48, 49, 65–66, 84; forbidden

marriages, 62–64, 68; guardianship

(wilaya),
60, 64–65; marital roles,

21–22, 47–49, 52–53, 81–86;

motherhood and, 87–88, 107; Muhammad on, 107; as peaceful abode, 82–83; polygyny, 41, 54

n.18, 62, 69, 89–90; pre-Islamic period, 81–82; Purbadhala, Bangla- desh, 41–42, 47, 49, 52–53; Qur’an

on, 58–59; rights and responsibil- ities, 84–87; selection of spouses, 21,

41, 61–62, 68, 70; spiritual signifi-

cance, 78, 80, 82–83, 90–92; tem-

porary marriage
(mut‘a),
61, 66–68; terminology, 59–60; witnesses to marriage contract
(shahid),
65

Martyrs: death during childbirth, 108– 9, 111 n.8, 180; death during disasters, 178; murdered persons, 153, 169 n.1

Mary, 137

Maryam, 116–19, 120; Sura of, 114

‘‘Mary’s Fist,’’ 121–22

Masjid
(mosque), physical space and functions, 25–26

Maskan
(home), 83

Masturbation, 59

Matbars
(village elders), 45 Materialism, 92

Material world,
vs.
Hereafter, 160, 170 n.15

Meats: forbidden foods, 15, 17;

permissible foods, 16, 17;

slaughtering methods, 15–16 Mecca, pilgrimage to.
See Hajj

Media: coverage of local Muslim affairs, 30; influence on daily life, 3–4

Medical care: personal account, 130–

230
Index

33; physician/philosopher
(hakim),
125; views of body, soul, and spirit, 128 n.1

Melas
(fairs), 41

Men: burial shrouds, 164; dress requirements, 10–11, 14–15; marital

rights, 85–87; marital roles, 21, 47–

48, 49, 52–53, 81–86

Menstrual periods, Bangladeshi women, 44–45

Mentors, saint-exemplars as, 183–87 Mercy
(rahma):
link to motherhood,

87; toward parents, 100

Messenger(s): Muhammad as, 1, 5;

obedience to, 23, 32 Microcredit organizations: ethical

investing, 202; Purbadhala,

Bangladesh, 40

Mihrab
(place of struggle or battle), 117

‘‘Milk’’ relatives, 63, 86

Miswak
(toothbrushes), 10

Mizan
(‘‘The Balance’’), 161 Modesty in dress, principle of, 10–15

Mohr
(dowry).
See Mahr/mohr
(dowry) Money: borrowed funds, 208, 210–11; donating during Ramadan, 18.
See

also
Business; Charity; Economic issues

Monogamy.
See
Marriage; Polygyny Morality.
See
Ethical conduct

Moral restraint, 81

Mormons, 74

Morning prayer
(fajr),
7, 8

Morocco, 69 Mosque.
See Masjid

Motherhood, 87–88, 107–10 Mother Language Day (Bangladesh),

Mothers: preferential treatment of, 93, 95, 100, 107, 110; responsibility to,

20.
See also
Parents ‘‘Mothers of the Believers,’’ 90

Mubah
(permitted) actions, 100, 207.

See also Halal

Muftis:
qualifications of, 209; as
shalish

leaders, 45

Muhajirin,
111 n.10 Muhammad: on celibacy, 59; on

childrearing, 109, 110; on death,

155, 177; death shroud of, 166; on equal treatment of children, 110, 111 n.20; on fasting, 18; filial loyalty, 88; fixed prayer times, 8; as foremost example of Islam, 184; household chores, assistance with, 86; on intention, 4; on marriage, 107; as a merchant, 197, 206; on mothers, treatment of, 93; personal hygiene, 9–10; polygyny of, 90; praise for Allah, 113–14; principles of dress, 10; on public life, 23; religious

tolerance, 27; in the
Shahada,
5;

teachings about prayer, 8, 19, 20; on time, use of, 18; on treatment of women, 92; on washing of bodies, 166; wives of, 11, 13, 90, 206; on women’s roles, 91; on women, treatment of, 82, 92

Muhasibi, 100

Mujahid, 109

Mu’min
(soul of the believer), 157 Munkir (Interrogating Angel), 160 Muqatil ibn Hayyan.
See
Ibn Hayyan,

Muqatil

Murders, 153, 154–55, 169 n.1

Muslim
(one who submits), 138, 146 n.17

Muslim daily life: day’s end activities, 31–32; decision making, 19–20; desire to perform
Hajj,
27–28; dress, principles of, 10–15; economic relations, 24–25; fasting, 18; foods,

15–17; God-consciousness, 2–5; hygiene, 9–10; marital roles (
See
Marriage); mosques and meeting places, 25–26; Muslims as citizens of nations, 26–27, 28–30; obligatory

prayers, 6–8; public life, 22–23; rela- tionship to the environment, 30–31; responsibilities to family, 20–21; time, use of, 18–19; voluntary pray- ers, 8.
See also Salat

Muslim Family Law, 57–58, 68–70, 71

Index
231

Muslims: characteristics of, 4; definition, 1; demographic trends, 26; effects of world events on, 28– 29; environment, relationship to, 30–31; as minority citizens, 4, 26, 27; pleasing God as ultimate goal, 81; portrayal as ‘‘anti-Western,’’ 29;

in the United States, 27, 29, 30, 169; Western attitudes toward, 29–30

Nafs
(soul), 80, 92 n.1, 183, 190

Nakir (Interrogating Angel), 160 Names and lineage, importance of, 85,

Narrators of hadiths, 203

Nawawi: on nonbelievers, 102; on treatment of parents, 93, 98

Needy persons.
See
Charity Neighbors, treatment of, 23

News media, influence on daily life, 3–4

Nifaq
(hypocrisy), 138

Nikah
(sexual intercourse), 59–60

Niqab
(veil), 11–12

Nisab
(required level of wealth for

Zakat
), 24–25, 200

Niyya
(intention): allocating time, 4; Prophet Muhammad on, 4

Nizari Ismaili Shi‘ism, 74 n.2; education of children, 72–73

Noah, 60, 79

Nonbelievers, parents as, 97, 102

Non-decision making, 51–52

Non-Muslims: marriage to, 61, 68;

parents as, 97, 102; polygyny, views of, 89–90.
See also
Nonbeliever(s)

Nursing.
See
Breastfeeding/nursing

Obedience: of children, 110; to parents, 20, 100, 101

Observance of the Rights Due to God

(Muhasibi), 100

Observances and festivals, 40–41.
See also
Rituals

Old age, treatment of parents, 97–101 Oneness of God.
See Tawhid

‘‘The Opening’’
(al-Fatiha),
7, 167–

Organizations/institutions, relationship of beliefs to, 130, 143–

Orphans, 20–21, 85

Pahela Baishakh
(Bengali new year), 41 Pain, 137–38, 145 n.13, 149–50

Pairs
(zawjayn),
duality principle, 60, 78–80

Panja-e Maryam,
121–22

Parda/purdah
(hiding one’s face), 43– 44, 50.
See also
Veils and head coverings

Parents: financial responsibility to, 95– 96; motherhood, 87–88, 107–110;

nonbelievers as, 97, 102; obedience

to, 20, 100, 101; respect for beyond

death, 102–3; treatment of, 20, 93–

95, 97–101, 103, 107

‘‘Patients’ Bill of Rights,’’ 132 Peace and tranquility
(sakina),
83 Pen
(qalam)
and Tablet
(lawhin)

symbols, 80

‘‘People of the Book,’’ as marriage partners, 61, 68

‘‘The Perfect Page of the Prayer- Carpet’’ (‘Ali Zayn), 127

Permitted
(halal; mubah),
9, 16–17,

100, 207

Personal property.
See
Property Personal status
(mahall),
61 Personal Status Codes, 69 Pilgrimage
(Hajj),
27–28, 103

Pillars of Islam.
See
Five Pillars of Islam Politics/political thought, Bangladesh,

40, 50

Polygyny (polygamy): in Bangladesh, 41, 54 n.18; Egyptian example, 77–

78, 89; of Muhammad, 90; personal

account, 71–74; Qur’anic

interpretation, 62, 90; in Tunisia, 69

Polytheists, 68; parents as, 97, 102 Possession of property.
See
Property Power
(khamata):
definitions and

theories, 51–52; exclusionary power, 51–52; perceptions of, 35, 47–48,

232
Index

Prayer.
See Salat

Prayer rugs, 25

Pregnancy, 107, 108; personal

accounts, 113–22, 130–31; during

Ramadan, 18

Pre-Islamic period, 81–82

Promiscuity, 58

Property: concept of, 24, 216–17 n.7;

inheritance rules, 43, 48; Qur’an on,

214; under
Shari‘a,
199, 209, 214,

220 n.66; and status, Bangladesh, 48 Prophets.
See
Muhammad;
specific

prophets

Prostitution, 58

Public life, 22–23

Public welfare
(istislah),
204, 205

Purbadhala, Bangladesh, 37, 38, 40–

41; gender roles, 35–37, 46–50;

inheritance rules, 43, 48; marriage

and divorce, 41–43, 47, 49;
parda,

43–44, 50; purity and pollution, 44–

45;
shalish,
45–46, 48.
See also

Bangladesh

Purdah. See Parda/purdah

Purity and pollution, 44–45

Purusha
and
Prakriti
symbols, 79

Qadr,
Sura of, 118

Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 214

Al-Qassar, Hamdun, 186

Qatada, 108, 109

Qiyas
(inductive reasoning), 205, 211

Qualitative research, 38

Qur’an:
al-Fatiha
(‘‘The Opening’’), 7, 167–68; angelic guidance, 117–

18; Angel of Death, 157; on apocalypse, 177; attitudes that lessen pain and suffering, 138–39;
ayat al- ahkam
(verses of legal rulings), 203; ban on interest
(riba),
209–10; on bartering, 141;
Barzakh
(interval; isthmus), 158; as basis of religious knowledge, 184; body washing, rec- itation during, 165, 166, 170 n.22;

on childrearing, 109, 110; on child-

ren’s rights, 59; on contracts, 212;

on death, 159, 177; death, recitation

during, 174, 175; duality concept in,

79–80; on earnings, 22; family law and, 58; forbidden and permissible foods, 15–16; forbidden marriages, 62–63; funerals, recitation following, 168; hearing of death, recitation on, 155; on human weaknesses, 135–36; on
jihad,
23; on Judgment Day, 161, 163, 171 n.19; jurists, errors of, 216; on justice, 140; on marriage and sexuality, 58–59, 83, 91–92; on Maryam, 116–17; modesty of dress, 13, 14; on motherhood, 87, 107–8; on Muhammad, 184; parents, treat- ment of, 93, 94, 97–98, 102; Pen
(qalam)
and Tablet
(lawhin),
80; on polygyny, 62, 90; on possession of property, 214; on purpose of life, 32; Ramadan, recitation during, 18; ref- ugees from Mecca, 142–43; on reli- gious tolerance, 27; on responsibility toward the environment, 30–31; on servanthood, 188; as source of com- mercial law, 203; spouses, treatment of, 83, 84, 86; ‘‘the Heavens and the Earth’’
(al-samawat wa al-ard),
79; travel, supplication for, 33 n.10; on trials of humanity, 136, 138; on

virgin conception, 118, 119; on wine and gambling, 17; ‘‘womb bonds’’
(silat al-rahm),
88; women’s status, 82; on
Zakat,
24–25.
See also
Sura(s)

Qur’anic verses, in
Zalal al-fuqara

(Sulami), 189–90 Qurtubi: on charity, 96; on

motherhood, 108; on parents, treatment of, 94–95, 97, 98–99,

100

Al-Qushayri, Abu al-Qasim, 140–42

Rabah, ‘Ata’llah’ ibn Abi, 98 Rabbani, Golam (justice), 45–46 Rabi‘a bint Ka‘b, 138

Rahma
(mercy): link to motherhood, 87; toward parents, 100

Al-Rahman
(Divine Mercy), 30–31, 87

Index
233

Rahman, Fazlur, 62

Rak‘a
(cycle of recitation), 7 Ramadan: fasting
(sawm),
18;