Unholy Fury (53 page)

31
   EGW, ‘China and the US',
Sunday Australian
, 18 July 1971, WI, accessed 10 July 2013.

32
   EGW, ‘My Mission to China',
Sunday Australian
, 4 July 1971.

33
   Ibid.

34
   Memorandum of Conversation, Whitlam and Zhou en Lai, 6 July 1971, Peking, in Meaney,
Australia and the World
, pp. 724–7.

35
   Ross Terrill,
Facing the Dragon
—
China Policy in a New Era
(Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute 2013), p. 12.

36
   EGW, cited in Stephen FitzGerald,
The Coup that Laid the Fear of China
, p. 14.

37
   Telegram 7105, US Embassy Tokyo to Secretary of State, 21 July 1971, Box 62, RG 84, NARA.

38
   
SMH
, 13 July 1971.

39
   Freudenberg,
A Certain Grandeur
, p. 216.

40
   McMahon, cited in FitzGerald,
The Coup that Laid the Fear of China
, p. 4.

41
   
SMH
, 14 July 1971, cited in FitzGerald,
The Coup that Laid the Fear of China
, p. 14.

42
   Correspondence, McMahon to Nixon, 18 July 1971, National Security Council (NSC) Files, Presidential Correspondence 1969–74, Box 748, RNL.

43
   Telegram 4252, 27 July 1971 and Telegram 4153, 21 July 1971, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2107, RG 59, NARA.

44
   Telegram 4021, 15 July 1971, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2105, RG 59, NARA.

45
   Ibid.

46
   Memorandum of Conversation, Henry Kissinger and James Plimsoll, 23 July 1971, NSC Presidential/HAK Memcons, Box 1026, RNL.

47
   Telegram 0718, American Consulate Sydney to American Embassy Canberra, 26 July 1971, Australia: US Embassy Canberra, Classified Central Subject Files, 1949–1977, Box 56, RG 84, NARA.

48
   Telegram 4153, 21 July 1971, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2107, RG 59, NARA.

49
   EGW, Address to the National Press Club, 26 July 1971, WI, accessed 10 July 2011.

50
   Ibid.

51
   EGW,
CPD
, H of R, 19 August 1971, p. 315.

52
   McMahon,
CPD
, H of R, 17 August 1971, p. 23.

53
   Fraser, 17 August 1971, quoted in Freudenberg,
A Certain Grandeur
, pp. 212–13.

54
   Turner,
CPD
, H of R, 17 August 1971, p. 324.

55
   Telegram A224, American Embassy Canberra to Department of State, 27 August 1971, Box 54, RG 84, NARA. Bowen was then foreign minister, Bury a former foreign minister, Peacock the minister for the army and Fraser the minister for education and science.

56
   Correspondence, Nixon to McMahon, 10 August 1971, NSC Files, VIP Visits, Box 934, RNL.

57
   Correspondence, McMahon to Nixon, 6 October 1971, NSC Files, Presidential Correspondence 1969–74, Box 748, RNL. See also Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 11 October 1971, ibid.

58
   Telegram 20055, Record of Secretary of State's meeting with Prime Minister McMahon, 3 November 1971, Box 56, RG 84, NARA.

59
   Toast by Nixon, Reply by McMahon, in
Public Papers of the Presidents
, 2 November 1971, pp. 1073–77.

60
   State Department Memorandum, ‘Assessment of the McMahon Visit', 9 November 1971, Box 56, RG 84, NARA; Correspondence, McMahon to Nixon, 22 December 1971, NSC Files, Presidential Correspondence 1969–74, Box 748, RNL.

61
   
Australian
, 13 August 1974, cited in Meaney, ‘The United States', p. 180.

62
   EGW, ‘The United States, China and Japan: Australia's Role', Address to the Australian Institute of International Affairs, 25 September 1971, WI, accessed 20 March 2014.

63
   EGW,
Australian
, 22 February 1973.

64
   EGW, Speech to Australian-American Association, Melbourne, 26 November 1971, quoted in Telegram 456, American Consul General Melbourne to Department of State, 30 November 1971, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2109, RG 59, NARA.

65
   EGW, Broadcast for Macquarie Network, 17 July 1972, WI, accessed 10 October 2014.

66
   
NewYork Times
, 21 October 2014.

67
   National Security Study Memorandum (NSSM) 127, ‘Policies Toward Australia and New Zealand', 24 August 1971, Records of the NSC, Box 13, RG 273, NARA.

68
   By ‘forward defense' they were referring to the policy stance whereby successive governments had sought to meet perceived threats to Australia as far from Australian shores as possible. The view that a Labor government would not be conducive to smooth alliance relations was not new, however. The Department of State's policy guidelines for Australia in November 1961 noted that while not antithetical to US interests, a future Labor government ‘can be expected to retreat from the open cordiality of the present Menzies Government and to espouse diverging policies in such areas as China, SEATO, disarmament and trade'. See ‘Guidelines of US Policy Toward Australia', 28 November 1961, Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs, Subject Files, Box 16, RG 59, NARA.

69
   NSSM 127, ‘Policies Toward Australia and New Zealand', 24 August 1971, Records of the NSC, Box 13, RG 273, NARA.

70
   
CPD
, H of R, 18 August 1971, pp. 226–7.

71
   
Australian
, 16 November 1970.

72
   Memorandum of Conversation, Secretary of State Rogers and Opposition Leader Whitlam, 16 July 1970, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2109, RG 59, NARA.

73
   Memorandum of Conversation, William Morrison with Winthrop Brown, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Washington, 25 May 1971, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2105, RG 59, NARA.

74
   Correspondence, Rice to Green, 30 June 1972; Green to Rice, 18 July 1972, enclosing text of Morrison comments, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2105, RG 59, NARA.

75
   PG Edwards,
A Nation at War
, pp. 299–300.

76
   
CPD
, H of R, 18 August 1971, pp. 229–31.

77
   Age, 23 June 1971.

78
   Fairbairn, quoted in Airgram A-273, ‘Defence and Foreign Policy Implications of an Australian Labor Victory in Australian elections', 26 August 1972, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2106, RG 59, NARA.

79
   Memorandum for Ambassador, ‘Whitlam Visit to the US', 8 October 1971, Box 56, RG 84, NARA.

80
   Memorandum for Mr Kissinger, ‘Appointment with President for Opposition Leader', 20 December 1971, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2104, RG 59, NARA.

81
   Telegram 499, ‘Newspapers report Whitlam “Snubbed” by White House', 31 January 1972, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2105, RG 59, NARA; see also Roy Macartney, ‘Dr Kissinger was too busy', Age, 31 January 1972.

82
   Memorandum of Conversation, Secretary of State with Gough Whitlam, 27 January 1972, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2104, RG 59, NARA.

83
   EGW, Address to the American–Australian Association, New York, 1 February 1972, WI, accessed 2 May 2013.

84
   Memorandum of Conversation, Ambassador Rice and Whitlam, 26 October 1971, Box 56, RG 84, NARA.

85
   
Australian
, 29 August 1972.

86
   Telegram 209616, Secretary of State to American Ambassador, Canberra, 16 November 1972, SNF, 1970–73, Box 2109, RG 59, NARA.

87
   Donald Horne,
Time of Hope
, p. 57.

88
   Cited in Peter Costigan ‘Is the US Swinging right?',
Melbourne Herald
, 16 October 1970.

89
   Correspondence, Keith Waller to James Plimsoll, 10 April 1972, M4322 2003/2, NAA.

90
   Memorandum, American Embassy Canberra to Department of State, 27 April 1972, Box 65, RG 84, NARA.

91
   Telegram 457, American Embassy Canberra to Secretary of State, 24 October 1969, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1863, RG 59, NARA.

92
   Ibid.

Chapter 6: ‘An Absolute Outrage': The Christmas Bombings

1
    Henry Kissinger, quoted in Robert Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power
(Harper Collins: New York, 2007), p. 446.

2
    Jeffrey Kimball,
Nixon's Vietnam War
(University of Kansas Press: Kansas), p. 346.

3
    Cited in Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger
, p. 446.

4
    Freudenberg,
A Certain Grandeur
, p. 258.

5
    The observations are from historians Mario Del Paro and Stanley Hoffman, cited in Barbara Keys, ‘Henry Kissinger: The Emotional Statesman',
Diplomatic History
, vol. 35, no. 4 (2011), pp. 602–3.

6
    
Baltimore Sun
, 19 December 1972;
Los Angeles Times
, 14 December 1972;
Washington Evening Star
, 7 December 1972;
Chicago Tribune
, 5 December 1972;
NewYork Times
, 6 December 1972;
Washington Post
, 6 December 1972.

7
    Memorandum, Green to Rogers, 30 December 1972, ‘Australia and New Zealand: Prospects', SNF, 1970–73, Box 2106, RG 59, NARA.

8
    
Washington Evening Star
, 7 December 1972;
Chicago Tribune
, 5 December 1972.

9
    
Washington Post
, 6 December 1972.

10
   
New York Times
, 6 December 1972.

11
   Telegram 230045, Ambassador Plimsolls Call on Secretary, 21 December 1972, SNF, 1970–73, box 2109, RG 59, NARA; also Inward Cablegram, Plimsolls talks with Rogers, Washington, 19 December 1972, AA1838 250/9/1, Part 14, NAA.

12
   
Melbourne Herald
, 14 December 1972.

13
   Memorandum of Conversation, Kissinger's Meeting with the Business Council, Washington, 1 December 1971, in
FRUS, 1969–1976, Foundations of Foreign Policy 1969–1972
, pp. 347–52.

14
   Fredrik Logevall and Andrew Preston, eds,
Nixon in the World:American Foreign Relations, 1969–1977
(Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008), pp. 7–8.

15
   A summary of these events is to be found in Alistair Horne,
Kissinger's Year: 1973
(Simon & Schuster: New York, 2007), pp. 92ff

16
   Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger
, pp. 417, 433.

17
   Henry A Kissinger,
The White HouseYears
(Simon &Schuster: NewYork, 1979), p. 1419.

18
   Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger
, pp. 438–9.

19
   Record of Conversation, Rt Hon Edward Heath with President Nixon, Washington, 1 February 1973, PREM 15/1978, TNA.

20
   Nixon, quoted in Meaney, ‘The United States', p. 166.

21
   Jeremy Suri,
Henry Kissinger and the American Century
(Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 2007), p. 230.

22
   Correspondence, Rowley (UK Embassy Washington) to Greenhill (FCO), 20 December 1972, FCO 82/185, TNA.

23
   Diplomatic Report No 231/73, ‘The United States and Vietnam', British Ambassador in Washington to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 2 April 1973, FCO 15/1832, TNA.

24
   Kissinger, quoted in Suri,
Henry Kissinger and the American Century
, p. 214.

25
   Ibid., pp. 213–14.

26
   Nixon, quoted in Suri, p. 215.

27
   Dallek,
Nixon and Kissinger
, p. 443.

28
   RN,
Memoirs
, p. 734.

29
   Ibid., p. 734.

30
   Ibid., p. 736.

31
   Ibid., p. 736.

32
   Kissinger,
White House Years
, p. 1448.

33
   Kimball,
Nixon's Vietnam War
, p. 364.

34
   Ibid., pp. 364–5.

35
   Kissinger,
White House Years
, pp. 1460–61, 1449.

36
   RN,
Memoirs
, p. 738.

37
   Kissinger,
White House Years
, p. 1453.

38
   
Times
, quoted in
www.nixonlibrary.gov/exhibits/decbomb/splash.html
, accessed 6 April 2013.

39
   Kimball,
Nixon's Vietnam War
, p. 366.

40
   RN,
Memoirs
, p. 739.

41
   Henry Kissinger,
Ending the Vietnam
Wjr (Simon & Schuster: NewYork, 2003), p. 414.

42
   Kissinger,
White House Years
, pp. 1453–4.

43
   Jenkins, quoted in
New York Times
, 8 January 1973; Memorandum of Conversation, Sir Burke Trend with Dr Kissinger, British Embassy, Washington, 16 January 1973, NSC Files, Henry A Kissinger Office Files, Country Files (Europe), RNL.

44
   Olaf Palme, quoted in Memorandum, Kissinger to Nixon, 24 December 1973, NSC Files, Country Files (Europe) Box 707, RNL. On Swedish-US relations during the Vietnam war see Frederik Logevall, ‘The Swedish-American Conflict over Vietnam',
Diplomatic History
, vol. 17, no. 3 (1993), pp. 421–46.

45
   Telcon, Ambassador Sullivan/Mr Kissinger, 23 December 1972, HAK Telcons, Chronological File, Box 17, RNL.