Unholy Fury (52 page)

33
   Memorandum, Rusk to President, 24 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

34
   Telegram 5576, Cronk to Secretary of State, Assessment of Gorton Government, 13 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1861, RG 59, NARA.

35
   Memorandum, Rusk to Rostow, 2 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

36
   Cited in Justus M Van Der Kroef, ‘Australia Looks to Nixon',
National Review
, 11 February 1969. I am grateful to Dr Nicole Hemmer for this reference.

37
   Memorandum, Rusk to Rostow, 2 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

38
   Peter Howson,
The Howson Diaries
, p. 415.

39
   Memorandum, Rusk to President, 24 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

40
   Keith Waller, Oral History Interview with JDB Miller, ORAL TRC/134, NLA.

41
   Memorandum, Rostow to LBJ on Gorton visit, May 1968 and Memorandum: ‘Gorton's desire for a Presidential sandwich' both in National Security Files, Country File (Australia) Box 234, Folder: Visit of PM John Gorton, LBJL.

42
   Waller, ORAL TRC/134, NLA.

43
   Memorandum of Conversation, Ainslie Gotto and John Dorrance (US Embassy Canberra), 19 June 1968, in Telegram A-615, ‘Prime Minister Gorton's Performance to Date', 5 July 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1861, RG 59, NARA.

44
   Correspondence, Waller to Governor-General Lord Casey, 8 November 1968, M4323 2003/9, NAA; see also Waller, ORAL TRC/134, NLA.

45
   Memorandum, Rusk to President, 24 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA

46
   Memorandum, Hasluck to Rusk, 9 October 1967, quoted in ‘The ANZUS treaty', Prime Minister's Brief for Visit to the US, April 1969, A1838, TS 686/1/1, Part 2, NAA.

47
   Inward Cablegram, Australian Embassy Washington to Canberra, 9 January 1968, in A1839, TS 686/1/1, Part 1, NAA.

48
   Correspondence, Samuel Berger to Keith Waller, 17 January 1968; and comments by Australian officials both quoted in ‘The ANZUS treaty', Prime Minister's Brief for Visit to the US, April 1969, A1838, TS 686/1/1, Part 2, NAA.

49
   See
Chapter 2
, pp. 40–4.

50
   Memorandum, Rusk to President, 24 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

51
   Memorandum of Conversation, Alan Griffiths and John Dorrance (US Embassy, Canberra), 21 June 1968, in Telegram A-615, Prime Minister Gorton's Performance to Date, 5 July 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1861, RG 59, NARA.

52
   Inward Cablegram, Press Briefing by Prime Minister at Blair House, 28 May 1968, A1838, TS686/1/1, Part 1, NAA.

53
   Ray Atchison,
From Bob to Bungles and Now to Billy
—
People in Politics, 1966–71
(Melbourne: Sun Books, 1970), p. 130.

54
   Memorandum of Conversation, Alan Griffiths and John Dorrance (US Embassy, Canberra), 21 June 1968, in Telegram A-615, Prime Minister Gorton's Assessment to Date, 5 July 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1861, RG 59, NARA.

55
   
Canberra Times
, 5 June 1968.

56
   EGW,
CPD
, H of R, 4 June 1968, at
www.parlinfo.com
, accessed 20 July 2013.

57
   EGW, Speech to Australian-American Association, 4 July 1968, M170/1, Box 3, NAA.

58
   EGW, ‘Beyond Vietnam: Australia's Regional Responsibility', Speech to the Australian Institute of International Affairs, North Queensland Branch, Townsville, 13 July 1968, M 170/1, Box 3, NAA.

59
   Gorton,
CPD
, H of R, 5 November 1968, p. 2424.

60
   RW Furlonger, Note for the Ambassador, 8 November 1968, M4323 2003/9, NAA.

61
   EGW,
CPD
, H of R, 5 November 1968, pp. 2425–30.

62
   Quigg, quoted in
Canberra Times
, 19 December 1968.

63
   Gorton, quoted in
Age
, 3 February 1969.

64
   Telegram 758, Ambassador to Bundy, 6 February 1969, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1859, RG 59, NARA.

65
   Correspondence, John Freeman (British Embassy, Washington DC) to Sir Charles Johnston (British High Commissioner, Canberra), 30 April 1969, FCO 33/2256, TNA.

66
   Correspondence, Keith Waller to Lord Casey, 8 November 1968, M4323 2003/9, NAA.

67
   Donald Horne,
Time of Hope
, p. 34; R Gerald Hughes and Thomas Robb, ‘Kissinger and the Diplomacy of Coercive Linkage in the “Special Relationship” between the United States and Great Britain, 1969–1977',
Diplomatic History
, vol. 37, no. 4 (2013), pp. 861–905.

68
   Cited in Van Der Kroef, ‘Australia Looks to Nixon'.

69
   Memorandum, Rogers to the President, 29 April 1969, Nixon VIP Visits, Box 910, RNL.

70
   
Bulletin
, 12 July 1969, p 35; Memorandum, Rogers to the President, 29 April 1969, Nixon VIP Visits, Box 910, RNL.

71
   Memorandum, Robert Moore to Ambassador Winthrop G Brown, 20 February 1969, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Office of Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Island Affairs, Subject Files, Box 34, RG 59, NARA.

72
   Memorandum of Conversation, Prime Minister Gorton's Meeting with the Secretary, 6 May 1969, in SNF, 1967–69, Box 1863, RG 59, NARA.

73
   Memorandum, Rogers to the President, 29 April 1969, ibid.

74
   Memorandum, Kissinger to the President, undated, National Security Files, VIP Visits, Box 910, RNL.

75
   Memorandum, Robert Moore to Ambassador Winthrop G Brown, 20 February 1969, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Office of Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Island Affairs, Subject Files, Box 34, RG 59, NARA.

76
   Memorandum of Conversation, Prime Minister Gorton's Meeting with the Secretary, 6 May 1969, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1863, RG 59, NARA.

77
   Memorandum of Conversation, Prime Minister Gorton's Meeting with the President, 6 May 1969, Nixon Presidential Materials, VIP Visits, Box 910, RNL.

78
   Correspondence, Michael Wilford (British Embassy, Washington DC) to David Aiers (FCO), 20 May 1969, FCO 33/2256, TNA.

79
   Memorandum, Green to Secretary Rogers, ‘Reaction to Gorton Visit', 9 May 1969, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1859, RG 59, NARA.

80
   Toast of Prime Minister Gorton, White House Dinner, 6 May 1969, transcript,
www.pmtranscripts.gov.au
, accessed 26 June 2013.

81
   The ‘Official-Informal' correspondence between the American Embassy in Canberra and the State Department around this time is littered with references to Australian agitation about the lack of consultation, and the effect this was having on Australians' faith in the alliance. See James V Martin (a/g DCM, Canberra) to Robert W Moore (Country Director, Australia New Zealand and Pacific Islands Affairs, State), 19 February 1970; Hugh G Appling (DCM Canberra) to Robert W Moore, 16 April 1970; Hugh G Appling to James V Martin (Country Director, Australia New Zealand and Pacific Islands Affairs, State), 16 November 1970 and 4 December 1970, in Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Island Affairs, Office of Australia and New Zealand and Pacific Island Affairs, Box 32, RG 59, NARA.

82
   Australia: Annual US Policy Assessment, 16 January 1969, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1863, RG 59, NARA.

83
   Australia: Annual US Policy Assessment, 2 January 1970, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1863, RG 59, NARA.

84
   RN, Remarks to Reporters in Guam, 25 July 1969, quoted in
FRUS
, 1969–
1976
, vol. 1,
Foundations of Foreign Policy
, pp. 91–2.

85
   Edward Keefer, ‘Nixon and Asia',
Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference of Editors of Diplomatic Documents
(Canberra: DFAT, 2003), p. 109.

86
   Jeffrey Kimball, ‘The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding',
Presidential Studies Quarterly
, vol. 36 (2006), p. 60.

87
   CPD, H of R, 14 August 1969, p. 323.

88
   Hedley Bull, ‘Coming up: something new in Australia's relations with America',
Bulletin
, 27 December 1969.

89
   
Age
, 21 November 1969;
Australian
, 21 November 1969.

90
   
Age
, 24 November 1969.

91
   Bernard K Gordon,
The Strategy Gap in Asia: Japan and Australia
, Study III in The Guam Doctrine: Elements of Implementation, October 1970, Research Analysis Corporation in US Embassy Canberra, Classified Central Subject Files, Box 54, RG 84, NARA.

92
   
Australian
, 4 March 1970 and Waller's report, cited in
Inside Canberra
, 26 February 1970, A1838, 250/9/1, Part 11, NAA.

93
   Correspondence, Keith Waller to TB Millar, 30 July 1970, A1838, 250/9/1, Part 11, NAA.

94
   EGW, 1969 Policy Speech, 1 October 1969, WI, accessed 6 July 2011.

95
   Airgram A-394, Rice to Department of State, ‘Australian Foreign and Defense Policy under a Labor Government', 12 September 1969, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

96
   Memorandum, Theodore Eliot to Kissinger, 22 October 1969, Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs (Australia and New Zealand), Box 25, RG 59, NARA.

Chapter 5: ‘Pathfinder for Nixon': Whitlam's China Coup

1
    McMahon, quoted in
Melbourne Herald
, 4 November 1971.

2
    Donald Horne,
Time of Hope
, p. 126.

3
    EGW, ‘The United States, China and Japan: Australia's Role', Address to the Australian Institute of International Affairs, Townsville, 25 September 1971, WI, accessed 21 February 2013.

4
    EGW, Statement, ‘President Nixon on China', 15 April 1971, WI, accessed 21 February 2013.

5
    EGW, ‘A Political Role in Asia', Speech at Young, NSW, 30 May 1966, M 170/1, Box 3, NAA.

6
    
Australian
, 27 June 1972.

7
    Ibid.

8
    Memorandum, Benjamin Read (State Department) to Walt Rostow, Background Documents for the Preparatory Meeting for the Visit of the PM of Australia, 2 May 1968, SNF, 1967–69, Box 1860, RG 59, NARA.

9
    Meaney, ‘The United States', pp. 181–2.

10
   
Australian
, 19 November 1970.

11
   
Australian
, 17 October 1969.

12
   EGW, Speech to Australian Institute of International Affairs Seminar, Townsville, 13 July 1968, in Papers of EG Whitlam, M 170/1, Box 3, NAA.

13
   
CPD
, H of R, 12 April 1971, p. 1928.

14
   EGW, ‘My Mission to China',
Sunday Australian
, 4 July 1971.

15
   Stephen FitzGerald,
Talking with China: The Australian Labor Party's visit and Peking's Foreign Policy
(Canberra: ANU Press, 1972), p. 5.

16
   Cablegram to London, 20 December 1949, Document 4 in Stuart Doran and David Lee (eds),
Australia and Recognition of the People's Republic of China 1949–1972
(Canberra: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2002), pp.
^7–8
.

17
   
CPD
, H of R, 12 August 1954, p. 275.

18
   The ‘Groupers' were members of industrial groups within the trade unions whose chief concern was combating communist influence within the labour movement and Australia generally. See Freudenberg,
A Certain Grandeur
, p. 201.

19
   EGW,
CPD
, H of R, 25 March 1965, p. 384.

20
   Australian Labor Party Information Release No. 5/65, Mr EG Whitlam, ‘Meet the Press', HSV 7 Melbourne, 7 March 1965, WI.

21
   Tom Switzer, ‘An Ideological Odyssey', pp. 315–16; Keefer, ‘Nixon and Asia'.

22
   RN, ‘Asia After Vietnam',
Foreign Affairs
, vol. 46, no. 1 (October 1967), pp. 113–25.

23
   
Current Notes on International Affairs
, February 1970, pp. 73–6.

24
   Correspondence, Cooper to McIntyre, Taipei, 11 March 1969, document 130, Australia and Recognition, p. 299. On this period more generally see Roderic Pitty, ‘Way Behind in Following the USA over China: The Lack of any Liberal Tradition in Australian Foreign Policy, 1970–72',
Australian Journal of Politics and History
, vol. 51, no. 3 (2005).

25
   
Australian
, 8 February 1971.

26
   Cable, Whitlam to Chou En Lai, cited in FitzGerald,
Talking with China
, p. 11.

27
   McMahon, cited in FitzGerald,
Talking with China
, p. 8. On Whitlam's visit to China see also Billy Griffiths,
The China Breakthrough: Whitlam in the Middle Kingdom, 1971
(Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 2012).

28
   Stephen FitzGerald,
The Coup that Laid the Fear of China: Gough Whitlam in Beijing, 1971
(Sydney: Whitlam Institute, 2012), p. 5.

29
   EGW, Address to the National Press Club, 26 July 1971, WI, accessed 10 July 2012.

30
   Statement by the President, 14 April 1971, transcript; EGW, Statement, ‘President Nixon on China', 15 April 1971, WI, accessed 10 July 2013.