Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty (177 page)

currency, North Korean
won

devaluation,
653
,
663

nearly valueless (1990s),
583

People’s Life Bonds, denominated in,
661

Daewoo Group,
480–481
,
485

Dean, Gen. William F.,
77

death, on behalf of leader, as 1990s propaganda focus,
510–511

debts, credit rating,borrowing,
155
,
164
,
180–183
,
276
,
339
,
347
,
442
,
475
,
476
,
634

defection

assassination following,
460

causes,
267–268
,
538

difficulties, regrets and fears after,
459–460
,
523
,
619

gold watches typically purchased

following,
522

individual cases,
296–297
,
379–380
,
395–396
,
397
,
400–401
,
406–407
,
413
,
417–418
,
420
,
421–422
,
424
,
430–431
,
459–460
,
488
,
527–528
,
531–533
,
535
,
542
,
543–547
,
570
,
581–582
,
584–585
,
587
,
588
,
590

by Kim Jong-il’s unofficial wife’s family,
691
,
693–694

punishment of family members following,
268
,
269
,
380
,
459

rebellion as unrealistic alternative to,
525

religious ties following,
269
,
304
,
311

rescue of left-behind family members,
460
,
619

pressure on South Korea to discourage,
630

testimony following, use and value of,
402
,
459
,
496
,
555
,
567
,
629
,
708–711

corroboration by refugees in China,
629

See also
exile

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ),
9
,
87
,
559

loudspeaker broadcasts at,
410
,
522
,
651

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

(DPRK)

formation of,
62

compactness, as aid to regime’s control,
185

communication among bureaucratic units, lack of lateral,
467

Deng Xiaoping,
8
,
22

diaspora, Korean,
16–17
,
100

as business network,
481

homecoming, in 1950s and 1960s,
100–104
,
229–230

dissent, dissidence,
6
,
91
,
141
,
170
,
463
,
600–603

domestic faction,
55
,
301

domino theory,
74

Dong Young-jun (student in Poland; defector),
226–229
,
376–378

drugs, smuggling of,
155

Dulles, John Foster,
67
,
74
,
86
,
99

economic planning,
121–122

calculation, computation and statistics, attitudes toward,
183
,
217–218
,
225
,
272
,
473
,
654
,
661

cost accounting,
160
,
180
,
642

five-year plan (1956),
103

heavy industry vs. improved living standards,
111
,
213
,
504

limits of command economy,
121

lulling effect of successes,
185

quota fulfillment falsified,
122
,
503

seven-year plan (1961),
103
,
122

subsequent plans,
180

economic reform,
481
,
641–642
,
660–664

constitution (1998) as promoting,
641–642

continues despite second nuclear crisis,
657
,
660
,
662

downsizing bureaucracy,
667

Hungarian model for,
667–668
,
669–670

ideological justification,
660–661
,
665–666

individual responsibility and,
663

informal coping mechanisms and,
662–663

Kim Jong-il’s Jan. 4, 2001, article starting implementation of,
652

March 2002 measures on prices, wages, taxes, exchange rates,
652–653

negative effects,
663

politics separated from economics,
666

prospects for success,
662–663
,
670

need for external aid,
661
,
663
,
670

need for peace dividend,
667

timing analyzed,
668–669

economic zones, special, free trade,
465
,
472
,
473
,
474
,
480
,
640–641
,
662

economy, North-South comparisons

1950s,
100–105

1960s,
121
,
124

1970s,
154
,
155
,
165

1980s,
342

1990s,
430–431
,
474
, 479

2000,
647–648

popular knowledge of growing gap,
501

inspiring dreams of redistribution by war,
540–541

education,
165–170

adult, as required daily activity,
179

after-school,
166

compulsory,
58
,
165

family background, discrimination based on,
230

free provision of, as selling point,
101

nurseries,
117
,
166

overseas study,
291–292
,
295
,
378–380
,
400
,
433
,
453

of business administration,
702

and elite families’ preparations for exile,
494

favored by Kim Jong-il,
644

parental role,
165–168

school building program,
58

schools in political prison camps,
299

science,
473

teachers,
405

universities,
377–378
,
432–433

vocational schools,
306

See also
Kim Il-sung University; Mangyongdae Revolutionary School; Namsan School

egalitarianism,
100
,
347
,
366
,
367
,
501
,
519

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,
86

elections,
114
,
116
,
270
,
551
,
694

enemies’ role in preserving regime power,
107
,
111
,
513

energy,
177

coal,
393
,
503

competition for, between military and

civilian sectors,
505

firewood, corn husks,
393
,
405

nuclear (for peaceful use),
435–436
,
437–438
,
497
,
565
,
635

petroleum,
391
,
442
,
468
,
483
,
645

See also
Korean People’s Army (KPA): fuel supply

entrepreneurs, moneyed class

ideological recognition,
661
,
665–666
,
700

environmental pollution,
438
,
479
,
627

espionage,
372

against North,
6
,
95
,
126
,
436

“reality training” for, in South Korean–style conspicuous consumption,
539

See also
infiltration;
Pueblo
incident

exile

Kim Jong-il

reasons to grant,
452
,
455

preparations,
494

other top elite’s secret 1990s plans for,
494

See also
punishment: banishment (internal exile)

face,
110
,
456
,
561
,
577
,
645

factions,
501

in Korean communist movement,
30–31
,
38
,
55–56
,
61
,
544

See also
domestic faction; partisans; purges;

Soviet Koreans; Yenan faction

“failed state,”
492

families

divided between North and South,
143–144

punishment for relatives’ offenses,
290
,
297

divorce to avoid,
599

leniency policies,
416
,
572
,
617
,
631

suicide’s family deemed traitors,
607

relationships within,
398

role of, in ideology,
404

family background, status and,
112
,
226–234
,
301
,
309
,
310–311
,
399–400
,
408
,
412
,
419
,
421
,
459
,
537
,
544
,
620

farming

cash crops introduced,
663

collectivization,
8
,
102–104
,
162
,
265
,
359