Tolstoy (84 page)

16. See Ian M. Helfant, 'Pushkin's Ironic Performance as a Gambler',
Slavic Review,
58 (1999), 378–92; 373.

17. JE 59, 25.

18. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
39–41.

19. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
44.

20. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
37, 47.

21. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
50–51.

22. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
51–52.

23. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
54.

24. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
55–56.

25. Geir Kjetsaa,
Dostoyevsky: A Writer's Life,
tr. Siri Hustvedt and David McDuff, London 1987, 91.

26. Gusev 1, 262.

27. JE 59, 98.

28. See G. S. Demeter, ed.,
Istoriya tsygan: novyi vzglyad,
Voronezh, 2000.

29. Marquis de Custine,
Empire of the Czar: The Social, Political, and Religious State and Prospects ofRussia, Made During a Journey Through That Empire,
3 vols, London, 1843, vol. 3, 97–98, 248–249.

30. 'Svyatochnaya noch", L. N. Tolstoi,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v 100 tomakh,
vol. 2, Moscow, 2000, 209–232.

31. JE 46, 36, 37.

32. S. A. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki v dvukh tomakh,
ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 410.

33. Gusev 1, 268.

34. Gusev 1, 271.

35. JE 59, 42.

36. JE 59, 45.

37. JE 59, 81.

38. JE 59, 92.

39. JE 59, 87–88.

40. JE 59, 39.

41. JE 59, 49. See Barbara W. Maggs, 'The Franklin-Tolstoy Influence Controversy',
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
129 (1985), pp. 268–277. Tolstoy's 'Franklin Journal' has not survived.

42. See Tom Cain, 'Tolstoy's Use of David Copperfield',
Tolstoi in Britain,
ed. W. Gareth Jones, Oxford, 1995, 67–78.

43. Richard Gustafson,
Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger: A Study in Fiction and Theology
, Princeton, 1986, 27.

44. B. Eikhenbaum,
Lev Tolstoi v semidesyatiegody,
Leningrad, 1974, 254.

45. JE 59, 91; Gusev 1, 283.

46. JE 46, 60.

47. See Charles King,
The Ghost of Freedom,
Oxford, 2008 for a full overview of Russia's conquest of the Caucasus.

48. See L. B. Zasedateleva,
Terskie kazaki (seredina XVI—nachalo XX v.). Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki,
Moscow, 1974.

49. See V. Astalov, S. Gapurov, 'Tersko-grebenski kazaki i chechentsy v XVI-XIX vekakh',
L. N. Tolstoi i Sheikh Kunta-Khadzhi Kishnev: problemy mira i gumanizma,
Tula, 2006, 17–38.

50. Gusev 1, 310–311.

51. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828—1890 [Letopis'
1], Moscow, 1958, 46.

52. For a lively travel guide aimed at British tourists a few decades later, see Oliver Wardrop,
The Kingdom of Georgia: Travel in a Land of Women, Wine and Song,
London, 1888.

53. See King,
The Ghost of Freedom,
84–90.

54. See King,
The Ghost of Freedom,
74–75.

55. Gusev 1, 328.

56. Gusev 1, 333–339.

57. Gusev 1, 392.

58. Gusev 1, 394–396.

59. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
124.

60. 
Letopis'
1, 65.

61. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
145.

62. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
148; Gusev 1, 501.

63. Gusev 1, 444–449.

64. Gusev 1, 480.

65. Gusev 1, 491.

66. 
Letopis'
1 79.

67. Gusev 1, 505.

68. Gusev 1, 501.

69. 
Letopis'
1, 81.

70. JE 47, 29.

71. 
Letopis'
1, 83.

72. Gusev 1, 508.

73. For an overview of the war see Trevor Royle,
Crimea: the Great Crimean War 1854—1856,
London, 1999.

74. JE 47 31.

75. 
Letopis'
1, 85.

76. 
Letopis'
1, 84.

77. Gusev 1, 518.

78. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
183.

79. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
179.

80. JE 4, 284–285; Gusev 1, 529–531.

81. JE 47, 37–38.

82. Gustafson,
Leo Tolstoy: Resident and Stranger,
xi-xii.

83. Gusev 1, 537.

84. Leo Tolstoy,
The Sebastopol Sketches,
tr. and intro. David McDuff, 1986, 51. See McDuff's excellent introduction for an overview of the siege of Sebastopol, and of Tolstoy's reportage.

85. Gusev 1, 548.

86. JE 47, 46.

87. Tolstoy,
Sebastopol Sketches,
108.

88. Gusev 1, 590.

89. Gusev 1, 586.

6 Literary Duellist and Repentant Nobleman

1. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890,
Moscow, 1958
[Letopis'
1], 69.

2. N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god
[Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 430.

3. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 186–187.

4. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
187.

5. N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1855 po 1869 god
[Gusev 2], Moscow, 1957, 4.

6. R. Bartlett and Anna Benn,
Literary Russia: A Guide,
London, 2007, 207.

7. Gusev 2, 10.

8. Gusev 2, 5.

9. Gusev 2, 15.

10. JE 34, 385.

11. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
171.

12. JE 47, 65.

13. Gusev 2, 17.

14. Gusev 2, 33.

15. Gusev 2, 30.

16. Gusev 2, 25.

17. Gusev 2, 36.

18. William Coxe,
Travels into Poland, Russian, Sweden and Denmark,
London, 1784, cited in
St Petersburg: A Traveller's Companion,
ed. Laurence Kelly, London, 1981, 70–71.

19. Aleksandr Radishchev,
A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow,
tr. Leo Wiener, ed. Roderick Page Thaler, Cambridge, Mass., 1958, 188.

20. Gusev 2, 18.

21.
 Letopis'
1, 113.

22. 
Letopis'
1, 117.

23. Gusev 2, 54.

24. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
186, 199.

25. S. M. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda,
Moscow, 1990, 188.

26. Gusev 2, 80–83.

27. JE 47 90–9I.

28. 
Letopis'
1, 124, 126, 130.

29. Gusev 2, 93.

30. JE 60 149.

31. JE 151.

32. Andrzej Walicki,
A History of Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to Marxism,
tr. Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka, Oxford, 1980, 200.

33. N. G. Chernyshevsky, 'Tolstoy's Military Tales', tr. Michael R. Katz, in
Tolstoy's Short Fiction,
ed. and tr. Michael Katz, New York, 1991, 368.

34. JE 47, 118.

35. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
206.

36. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska,
206.

37. Gusev 2, 196.

38. JE 60, 189.

39. In the autumn of 2004 the monastery had to shut the kennels as it could no longer afford to run them.

40. JE 47 136.

41. 
Letopis'
I, 158.

42. JE 47 140.

43. Gusev 2, 213.

44. Gusev 2, 226.

45. 
Letopis'
1, 163.

46. JE 47 149.

47. JE 60, 222.

48. Gusev 2, 237.

49. Gusev 2, 250.

50. 
Letopis'
1, 180.

51. Gusev 2, 286.

52. Gusev 2, 276.

53. Richard Stites,
Serfdom, Society and the Arts in Imperial Russia,
New Haven, 2005, 317.

54. Gusev 2, 265.

55. Gusev 2, 269.

56. JE 57, 112.

57. Gusev 2, 300.

58. Valeriya Abrosimova, 'Syn velikogo Tolstogo. Voina i Amerika',
Toronto Slavic Quarterly,
24 (2008):
www.utoronto.ca/tsq/24/ambrosimova24.shtml

59. Vladimir Zhdanov,
Lyubov' v zhizni Tolstogo
(first published 1928), Moscow, 2005, 43.

60. Gusev 2, 320.

61. L. Sabaneev,
Russkaya okhota
(first published 1892), Moscow, 2003, 482.

62. Gusev 2, 317.

63. See Hugh McLean, 'Buried as a Writer and as a Man',
In Quest of Tolstoy,
Brighton, Mass., 2008, 3–20.

64. Gusev 2, 331.

65. Jeffrey Brooks,
When Russia Learned to Read: Literacy and Popular Literature 1861—1917,
Princeton, 1985, 4.

66. Gusev 2, 351.

67. Gusev 2, 367.

68. Gusev 2, 374.

69. Gusev 2, 392.

70. I am grateful to Jennie de Protani, Archivist at the Athenaeum, for supplying me with this information.

71. 
Letopis'
1, 225.

72. Victor Lucas,
Tolstoy in London,
London, 1979.

73. Gusev 2, 403.

74. Gusev 2, 409.

75. 
Letopis'
1, 231.

76. 
Letopis'
1, 233.

77. Eugene Schuyler,
Selected Essays,
New York, 1901, 274–275.

78. Gusev 2, 431.

79. Gusev 2, 445.

80. 
Letopis'
1, 237.

81. Gusev 2, 445–447.

82. Gusev 2, 459, 484.

83. L. Tolstoi, 'Yasno-Polyanskaya shkola za Noyabr' i Dekabr' mesyatsy',
Yasnaya Polyana,
1 (1862), cited in Aylmer Maude,
The Life of Tolstoy
(first published in 1930), Ware, 2008, 239–241.

84. Gusev 2, 510.

85. Gusev 2, 481.

86. Eugene Schuyler, 'Preface' to Ivan Turgenev,
Fathers and Sons,
tr. Eugene Schuyler, New York, 1867, vii.

87. Gusev 2, 478.

88. JE 60, 438.

89. JE 60, 436.

7 Husband, Beekeeper, and Epic Poet

1. JE 48, 48.

2. S. A. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Novy mir,
8 (1978), 360.

3. Eugene Schuyler,
Selected Essays,
New York, 1901, 216.

4. JE 48, 40.

5. S. L. Tolstoy,
Ocherki bylogoj,
3rd rev. edn, Tula, 1965, 15.

6. N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1855 po 1869 god
[Gusev 2], Moscow, 1957, 641.

7. 
The Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi,
preface and notes by Vasilii Spiridonov, tr. S. S. Koteliansky and Leonard Woolf, Richmond, 1922, 10.

8. T. A. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn dooma i v Yasnoi Poliane,
ed. T. N. Volkova, Tula, 1973, 58.

9. S. A. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki v dvukh toomakh,
ed. V. E. Vatsuro et al., 2 vols, Moscow, 1978, vol. 1, 476.

10. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 480.

11. JE 60, 441–442.

12. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 242.

13. Gusev 2, 578.

14. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 491.

15. JE 48, 41.

16. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 490.

17. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn',
143.

18. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn',
138.

19. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 492.

20. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn',
139.

21. JE 48, 46.

22. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 40, 54.

23. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 495.

24. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn',
197.

25. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Novy mir,
44.

26. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn',
196.

27. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Novy mir,
35.

28. N. Nikitina,
Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo v Yasnoipolyane,
Moscow, 2007, 94.

29. 
Povarennaya kniga'S. A. Tolstoi,
Tula, 1991.

30. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Novy mir,
35.

31. JE 60 448.

32. JE 48, 46.

33. JE 48, 47.

34. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 44.

35. 
Autobiography of Countess Sophie Tolstoi,
86.

36. The story is about an alcoholic, renegade peasant bearing this nickname who is so mortified after failing, through no fault of his own, to carry out a task he has been entrusted with by his mistress, who has given him a chance to redeem himself, that he ends up committing suicide.

37. Georgy Lesskis,
Lev Tolstoi (1852–1869),
Moscow, 2000, 310.

38. Lesskis,
Lev Tolstoi,
344 (Gnedich's 1829 translation).

39. Gusev 2, 584.

40. JE 61, 23–24.

41. Gusev 2, 594.

42. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Novy mir,
36.

43. JE 60, 455.

44. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890,
Moscow, 1958 [
Letopis'
1], 287.

45. JE 60, 451.

46. S. Stakhovich, 'Kak pisalsya "Kholstomer"',
L. N. Tolstoi,
vol. 1, Moscow, 1938, 332–336.

47. Tolstaya, 'Moya zhizn",
Novy mir,
36.

48. Gusev 2, 603.

49. Kuzminskaya,
Moya zhizn',
201.

50. JE 61, 15.

51. Nikitina,
Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo,
92, 95.

52.
 Letopis'
1, 285.

53. Tolstaya,
Dnevniki,
vol. 1, 54.

54. I. I. Mints and'S. A. Tolstaya-Esenina, eds.,
Yasnaya Polyana: stat'i, dokumenty,
Moscow, 1942, 105.