Tolstoy (83 page)

8. S. A. Tolstaya, Pis'ma K L. N. Tolstomu, Moscow, 1936, 496.

9. Sophia Kishkovsky, 'Chechnya's Favorite Russian',
International Herald Tribune,
29 December 2009, 10.

10. T. V. Komarova, ed.,
Druz'ya i gosti Yasnoi Polyane: materialy nauchnoi konferentsee posvyashchennoi 160-letiyu S. A. Tolstoi,
Tula, 2006; N. Nikitina,
Sof'ya Tolstaya
, Moscow, 2010.

11. Alexander Boot,
God and Man According to Tolstoy,
New York, 2009, 11-12.

12. Irina Paperno, 'Tolstoy's Diaries: The Inacessible Self',
Self and Story in Russian History,
ed. Laura Engelstein and Stephanie Sandler, Ithaca, 2000, 242-65.

13. See N. I. Burnasheva, ed.,
'Tolstoi—eto tselyi mir': stat'i i issledovaniya,
Moscow, 2004, which is dedicated to the memory of Lidiya Gromova-Opul'skaya.

14. V. Bulgakov,
O Tolstom,
Tula, 1964, 237–8.

1 Ancestors: The Tolstoys and the Volkonskys

1. L. N. Tolstoi,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii,
ed. V. G. Chertkov, 90 vols, Moscow, 1928–1958, vol. 84, 281.

2. Il'ya L. Tolstoi,
Moi vospominaniya,
Moscow, 1969, 57–58.

3. James Mavor,
My Windows on the Street of the World,
2 vols, London, 1923, vol. 1, 68.

4. Isabel Hapgood,
Russian Rambles,
London, 1895, 149.

5. Nina Nikitina,
Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo v Yasnoi polyane,
Moscow, 2007, 9–10.

6. Count Leon L. Tolstoi,
The Truth about my Father,
London, 1924, 1. See also L. L. Tolstoi,
V Yasnoi polyane. Pravda ob otse i ego zhizni,
Prague, 1923.

7. L. N. Tolstoi,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v sta tomakh,
ed. L. D. Gromova-Opul'skaya et al.;
Khudozhestvennyeproizvedeniya v vosemnadtsati tomakh,
vol. 3, Moscow, 2000, 400.

8. P. V. Dolgorukov,
Russkaya rodoslovnaya kniga,
4 vols, St Petersburg, 1855–1857.

9. See N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god
[Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 616.

10. See L. M. Kulaeva, 'Gost' yasnoi polyany R. Levenfel'd', in
Druz'ya igosti Yasnoi Polyany: materialy nauchnoi konferentsiiposvyashchennoi 160-letiyu S. A. Tolstoi,
ed. T. V. Komarova, Tula, 2006, 166.

11. Evgenii Solov'ev,
L. N. Tolstoi: ego zhizn i literaturnaya deyatel'nost',
St Petersburg, 1894, 9.

12. M. N. Nazimova, 'Iz semeinoi khroniki Tolstykh',
Istoricheskii vestnik,
10 (1902), 104.

13. Gusev 1, 615.

14. S. M. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda,
Moscow, 1990, 15.

15. Gusev 1, 614.

16. For further details on Pyotr Tolstoy's biography see N. I. Pavlenko,
Ptentsy gnezda Petrova,
Moscow, 1984, and Max J. Okenfuss, ed. and tr.,
The Travel Diary of Peter Tolstoi: a Muscovite in Early Modern Europe,
DeKalb, Ill., 1987.

17. Gusev 1, 12.

18. Roy Robson, 'Transforming Solovki: Pilgrim Narratives, Modernization and Late Imperial Monastic Life',
Sacred Stories: Religion and Spirituality in Modern Russia,
ed. Mark Steinberg and Heather Coleman, Bloomington, 2008, 49.

19. A. Izmailov, 'U L'va Tolstogo',
Birzhevye vedomosti,
3-5 July, 1907; cited in V. Lakshin, ed.,
Interv'yu i besedy's L'vom Tolstym,
Moscow, 1986.

20. S. A. Papkov, 'Zalozhniki sovesti (Tolstovtsy na Solovkakh)',
Vozvrashchenie pamyati. Istoriko-arkhivnyi al'manakh,
vol. 3, ed. I. V. Pavlova, Novosibirsk, 1997, 176-180.

21. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye,
25.

22. JE 34, 394.

23. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye,
31.

24. T. V. Komarova, 'Gerb roda grafov Tolstykh',
Yasnopolyanskii sbornik,
Tula, 1992, 188–190.

25. JE 34, 359.

26. Gusev 1, 21.

27. JE 34, 359.

28. Gusev 1, 39.

29. Gusev 1, 27–28.

30. Gusev 1, 29.

31. Nikitina,
Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo
, 30.

32. JE 34, 352.

33. N. A. Nikitina and V. P. Nikitin, 'Yasnaya Polyana vremen detstva i yunosti Tolstogo',
Yasnopolyanskii sbornik,
Tula, 1982, 135–150.

34. See Richard Stites,
Serfdom, Society and the Arts in Imperial Russia: The Pleasure and the Power,
New Haven, 2005.

35. Gusev 1, 631.

36. JE 3,351.

37. Gusev 1, 634–635.

38. Nikitina,
Povsednevnaya zhizn L'va Tolstogo,
33.

39. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye,
57–58.

40. Gusev 1, 634, 638–640.

2 Aristocratic Childhood

1. S. L. Tolstoi, 'Ob otrazhenii zhizni v 'Anne Kareninoi': Iz vospominanii',
Literaturnoe nasledstvo,
37/38 (1939), vol 2, 574.

2. Il'ya Tolstoi,
Moi vospominaniya,
Moscow, 1933, 32.

3. Nina Nikitina,
Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym,
Tula, 2002, 58; N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god
[Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 71.

4. Gusev 1, 60.

5. Gusev 1, 60–61.

6. Gusev 1, 48–51; 34, 350.

7. JE 3,353.

8. '5 marta - den' svyatogo L'va Katanskogo';
www.kulina.ru/articles/29740/

9. A. N. Varlamov, 'Lev Tolstoi, Stolypin and ieromonakh Iliodor',
Yasnopolyanskii sbornik,
Tula, 2008, 419–426.

10. Nikitina,
Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym,
345–346.

11. Il'ya Tolstoi,
Moi Vospominaniya,
32.

12. Gusev 1, 64.

13. S. M. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda,
Moscow, 1990, 90.

14. Nikitina,
Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym,
43–44.

15. JE 3,355–57.

16. JE 34, 356.

17. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye
, 2.

18. JE 3,357.

19. Gusev 1, 79.

20. JE 34, 357.

21. JE 34, 358.

22. JE 34, 371.

23. JE 34, 360.

24. JE 34, 389–390.

25. JE 34, 359–361.

26. Nikitina,
Yasnaya Polyana:puteshestvie's L'vom Tolstym,
45.

27. JE 34, 361–364.

28. JE 34, 364–366.

29. JE 34, 382.

30. JE 34, 370–371.

31. JE 3, 372–373.

32. JE 34, 374–378.

33. JE 34, 378.

34. JE 34, 357.

35. JE 34, 375–377.

36. Gusev 1, 82.

37. JE 34, 391.

38. JE 34, 393.

39. JE 8, 25; cited in Gusev 1, 18.

40. JE 61, 123.

41. Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's Gr. A. A. Tolstoi, 1857–1903, St Petersburg, 1911, 44, 217.

42. 
Anna Karenina,
part 1, chapter 10.

43. Eugene Schuyler, 'Count Leo Tolstoy Twenty Years Ago',
Scribner's Magazine,
May, 537–552 June 18, 733, 47, 540.

44. See'S. L. Tolstoi,
Fedor Tolstoi Amerikanets,
Moscow, 1926.

45. See Peter Henry Buck,
Explorers of the Pacific: European and American Discoveries in Polynesia,
Honolulu, 1953.

46. S. L. Tolstoi,
Fedor Tolstoi-Amerikanets
.

47. JE 3,393.

48. JE 34, 385–387.

3 Orphanhood

1. I. N. A. Kalinina,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo c sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 23.

2. JE 34, 347.

3. N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god
[Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 98.

4. JE 34, 401.

5. JE 3,393.

6. S. M. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda,
Moscow, 1990, 91.

7. Gusev 1, 102.

8. Gusev 1, 104.

9. Gusev 1, 106-108.

10. Gusev 1, 110; JE 34, 402.

11. Gusev 1, 112–113.

12. Gusev 1, 115.

13. Gusev 1, 116–117.

14. JE 34, 396; Gusev 1, 120.

15. Gusev 1, 124.

16. Gusev 1, 125.

17. Gusev 1, 127.

18. Gusev 1, 128–129.

19. JE 34, 403.

20. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 20–21.

21. Gusev 1, 130.

22. Alexander I's manifesto. See V. G. Sirotkin,
Napoleon i Rossiya,
Moscow, 2000.

23. Sirotkin,
Napoleon i Rossiya,
229.

24. Gusev 1, 132.

25. Sirotkin,
Napoleon i Rossiya,
251.

26. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis'zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890,
Moscow, 1958
[Letopis'
1], 18.

27. JE 34, 356.

28. Gusev 1, 146–147.

29. Gusev 1, 135–136.

30. Gusev 1, 143–144.

31. Gusev 1, 145.

32. Letter of 25 October 1891, cited in
Letopis'
1, 21.

33. Gusev 1, 77.

34. Count Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817–1875) was descended from Tolstoy's great uncle Pyotr Andreyevich (1746–1820).

35. See, for example, Neil Cornwell, ed.,
The Reference Guide to Russian Literature,
London, 1998, 818.

36. See 'Il'ya Muromets v russkom epose',
Il'ya Muromets,
ed. A. M. Astakhova, Moscow, 1958, 393–419.

37. Quotation from the poet and scholar Guido Mazzoni in P. Sergeenko,
O Tolstom,
Moscow, 1911, 135.

38. See caricatures reproduced in
Gr. Lev Tolstoi: velikii pisatel' zemli russkoi v portretakh, grayurakh, zhivopisi, skul'pture, karikaturakh i t d.,
ed. P. N. Krasnov and L. M. Vol'f, Moscow, 1903.

39. See Alexander Fodor,
Tolstoy and the Russians,
Ann Arbor, 1984, 20.

40. Gusev 1, 154.

4 Youth

1. Pavel Biryukov,
Biografiya L'va Nikolaevicha Tolstogo,
Moscow, 1923, vol. 1, 124.

2. JE 34, 347.

3. N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografii's 1828 po 1855god
[Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 157.

4. N. N. Gusev,
Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva L. N. Tolstogo, 1828–1890,
Moscow, 1958
[Letopis'
1], 20.

5. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska L. N. Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 30.

6. Gusev 1, 158.

7. JE 34, 380.

8. JE 34, 381.

9. JE 34, 380.

10. Leo Tolstoy,
A Confession and Other Religious Writings,
tr. Jane Kentish, London, 1987, 19.

11. JE 34, 382–383.

12. S. M. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye: Ocherki iz istorii roda,
Moscow, 1990, 178.

13. Gusev 1, 168–169.

14. Gusev 1, 169.

15. Gusev 1, 179.

16. JE 34, 387.

17. JE 34, 387–388.

18. JE 3,379.

19. David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye,
Russian Orientalism: Asia in the Russian Mind from Peter the Great to the Emigration,
New Haven, 2010, 106.

20. Gusev 1, 160.

21. Gusev 1, 181.

22. JE 34, 397.

23. JE 59, 10.

24. Gusev 1, 162.

25. 
Letopis'
1, 28.

26. Gusev 1, 237.

27. Robert Wokler,
Rousseau: A Very Short Introduction,
Oxford, 2001, 1.

28. Gusev 1, 197.

29. 
Letopis'
1, 25; Gusev 1, 198.

30. 
Letopis'
1, 26; Gusev 1, 199.

31. Aleksei Zverev, Vladimir Tunimanov,
Lev Tolstoi,
Moscow, 2007, 41; Gusev 1, 159.

32. Gusev 1, 161.

33. Gusev 1, 193.

34. JE 59, 10.

35. 
Letopis'
1, 27; Gusev 1, 202.

36. Nicholas Berdyaev,
The Origin of Russian Communism,
tr. R. M. French, London, 1937, 1.

37. JE 46, 245–255.

38. JE 46, 262.

39. JE 46, 265.

40. JE 46, 263–272.

41. Marthe Blinoff,
Life and Thought in Old Russia,
University Park, 1961, 86.

42. JE 46, 3–4.

43. JE 41, 4–28.

44. JE 46, 12, 21.

45. JE 34, 323; JE 46, 19.

46. Gusev 1, 232–233.

5 Landowner, Gambler, Offi cer, Writer

1. JE 46, 45.

2. JE 46, 31–33.

3. N. A. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska
L. N.
Tolstogo's sestroi i brat'yami,
Moscow, 1990, 33.

4. N. N. Gusev,
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoi. Materialy k biografi i's 1828 po 1855 god
[Gusev 1], Moscow, 1954, 236–237.

5. S. M. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye. Ocherki iz istorii roda,
Moscow, 1990, 166.

6. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye
, 188.

7. Tolstoi,
Tolstoi i Tolstye
, 177.

8. Kalinina et al.,
Perepiska
, 44.

9. Astolphe, Marquis de Custine,
La Russie en 1839, 4 vols, Brussels, 1843.

10. Marquis de Custine,
Letters from Russia, tr. and intro. Robin Buss, London, 1991, 63
.

11. Gusev 1, 238.

12. Ivan Turgenev, 'Instead of an Introduction',
Turgenev's Literary Reminiscences and Autobiographical Fragments, tr.
David Magarshack, with an essay by Edmund Wilson, London, 1984, 92–93.

13. Gusev i, 237.

14. For further details see Donna Tussing Orwin,
Tolstoy's Art and Thought, 1847–1880,
Princeton, 1993.

15. See Y. M. Lotman, 'Kartochnaya igra',
Besedy o russkoi kul'ture,
St Petersburg, 1997, 136—163; Ian M. Helfant,
The High Stakes of Identity: Gambling in the Life and Literature of Nineteenth-Century Russia,
Evanston, 2002.