Thomas Hardy (37 page)

6. 
The Mayor of Casterbridge
, Preface.

7.  Ibid., Chapter 26.

8.  Evelyn Hardy,
Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography
, p. 197.

9.  Ibid., p. 206.

10.  Florence Emily Hardy, op. cit., p. 174.

11.  Michael Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 1, p. 154.

12.  Ibid., p. 158.

13.  Florence Emily Hardy, op. cit., p. 153.

14.  Ibid., p. 176.

15.  Ibid., p. 185.

16.  Emma Hardy,
Diaries
, 1874–76, pp. 113, 119, 138, 192–3.

17.  Florence Emily Hardy,
The Life of Thomas Hardy
, p. 209.

18.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 1, p. 190.

19.  Florence Emily Hardy, op. cit., p. 224.

20.  Thomas Hardy, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 205.

21.  Ibid., p. 239.

22.  J. I.M. Stewart,
Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography
, p. 150.

23.  Florence Emily Hardy, op. cit., p. 237.

24.  Ibid., p. 240.

25.  Ibid., p. 246.

1.  George Egerton,
Keynotes
(annotated by Thomas Hardy and Florence Henniker, collection of Richard Little Purdy), pp. 29–30.

2. 
Jude the Obscure
, Preface.

3.  Michael Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 2, p. 94.

4. 
Jude the Obscure
, Preface.

5.  Ibid., Postscript, April 1912.

6. 
Jude the Obscure
, Preface.

7.  Florence Hardy to Rebekah Owen, 24 October 1915. By kind permission of Colby Special Collections, Miller Library, Waterville, Maine, USA.

8. 
Jude the Obscure
, 4/2.

9.  Florence Emily Hardy,
The Life of Thomas Hardy
, pp. 271–2.

10.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 2, p. 99.

11. 
New Review
, June 1894, p. 681, in Michael Millgate,
Thomas Hardy: A Biography
, p. 357.

12.  Millgate, op. cit., p. 104.

13.  Ibid., p. 109.

14.  Ibid., p. 125.

15.  Ibid., p. 124.

16.  Florence Emily Hardy, op. cit., pp. 284–5.

17.  Gordon Gifford, Letter to
The Times Literary Supplement
, 1 January 1944.

1. 
The Well-Beloved,
Part 1, Chapter 2.

2.  Ibid., Part 1, Chapter 9.

3.  Some psychologists of today believe that every person’s psyche contains both male and female elements, described as the ‘animus’ and the ‘anima’ respectively. This begs the question, had Pierston therefore fallen in love with the female part of his own psyche, his ‘anima’?

4.  Hardy’s biographer, Evelyn Hardy, has pointed out that although Florence Henniker kept a substantial number of the letters which Hardy wrote to her, many (which may have shed more light on the subject) appear to be missing, the reason being that she ‘probably burnt some of them’. Evelyn Hardy and F. B. Pinion,
One Rare Fair Woman: Thomas Hardy’s Letters to Florence Henniker,
1893
–
1922, p. xxvi.

5.  Mrs Norrie Woodhall, conversation with the author, September 2007.

6.  Michael Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 2, p. 143.

7.  Ibid., p. 144.

8.  Ibid., pp. 176, 178.

9.  Ibid., p. 181.

10.  Ibid., p. 188.

11.  Ibid., pp. 186–7.

12.  Ibid., p. 189.

13.  Ibid., p. 193.

14.  Ibid., p. 194.

15.  Ibid., p. 202.

16.  Ibid., p. 206.

17.  Ibid., p. 208.

18.  Ibid., p. 221.

19.  Ibid., pp. 225, 232, 238.

20.  Ibid., p. 248.

21.  Ibid., p. 264.

22.  Ibid., p. 269.

23.  Ibid., pp. 282–3.

24.  Florence Emily Hardy,
The Life of Thomas Hardy
, p. 309.

25.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 2, p. 303.

26.  Chris M. Wilson and Andrew J. Oswald, ‘How Does Marriage Affect Physical and Psychological Health? A Survey of the Longitudinal Evidence’, p. 3.

27.  Ibid., p. 6.

28.  Ibid., p. 19.

29.  Ibid., p. 20.

30.  Ibid., p. 15.

31.  Ibid., p. 7.

32.  Ibid., p. 11.

33.  Ibid., p. 22.

34.  Ibid., p. 23.

1.  Sir Newman Flower,
Just as it Happened
, p. 95.

2.  Florence Emily Hardy,
The Life of Thomas Hardy
, pp. 310–1.

3.  Michael Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 3, p. 5.

4.  Ibid., pp. 17, 19.

5.  Ibid., p. 23.

6.  Ibid., p. 33.

7.  Ibid., p. 46.

8.  Ibid., p. 50.

9.  Ibid., p. 58.

10.  Ibid., p. 53.

11.  Ibid., pp. 64, 68.

12.  Ibid., p. 74. In his view of lions Hardy was mistaken; they are not ‘cruel’ in the sense that they indulge in gratuitous torture (like one of Hardy’s favourite animals, the cat), or kill for the sake of killing (like the fox). As carnivores they are obliged to kill in order to survive.

13.  Ibid., p. 110.

14.  Ibid., p. 119.

15.  Ibid., pp. 114–5.

16.  Ibid., p. 130.

17.  Florence Emily Hardy, op. cit., p. 327.

18.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 3, p. 213.

19.  Ibid., p. 238.

20.  Florence Emily Hardy, op. cit., pp. 334.

21.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 3, p. 249.

22.  Ibid., p. 253.

23.  Ibid., p. 261.

24. 
The Dynasts
, Preface.

25.  Ibid., Act 7, Scene 8.

26.  Ibid., Volume 2, After-Scene.

27.  Ibid., Act 1, Scene 5.

28.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 3, p. 327.

29.  Ibid., pp. 333, 335.

30.  Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 5.

31.  Ibid., pp. 18–19.

32.  Ibid., p. 21.

33.  Ibid., p. 61.

1.  Emma Hardy,
Some Recollections
, pp. 1–2.

2.  Ibid., p. 6.

3.  Edward Clodd,
Diary
(unpublished), 1 October 1895, quoted in Michael Millgate,
Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited
, p. 326.

4.  D. MacCarthy: Professor Harold Hoffman (Miami University of Ohio) interview.

5.  Michael Millgate (ed.),
Letters of Emma and Florence Hardy
, p. 6.

6.  Ibid., pp. 7–8.

7.  Ibid., pp. 34–5.

8.  Henry Gifford,
Thomas Hardy and Emma
, p. 115.

9.  Millgate (ed.),
Letters of Emma and Florence Hardy
, p. 10.

10.  Ibid., p. 15.

11.  Ibid., p. 26.

12.  Ibid., p. 48.

13.  Emma Hardy, op. cit., pp. 12, 37.

14.  Millgate (ed.),
Letters of Emma and Florence Hardy
, p. 52.

15.  Mabel Robinson to I. Cooper Willis, 17 December 1937, Dorset County Museum.

16.  J. Stevens Cox,
Thomas Hardy: Materials for a Study of his Life, Times and Works
, Monogram No 18.

17.  Professor C. H. Gifford, interview, 1975.

18.  Stevens Cox, op. cit., Monogram No 14.

19.  Dr F. B. Fisher to Lady Hoare, 25 January 1928, Wiltshire Record Office.

20.  Stevens Cox, op. cit., Monogram No 16.

21.  Ibid.

22.  Florence Emily Hardy to Sydney Carlyle Cockerell, 25 December 1925.

23.  Sir Newman Flower,
Just as it Happened
, p. 95.

24.  A.C. Benson,
Diary
, 5 September 1912, Magdalene College, Cambridge.

25.  Clodd,
Diary
(unpublished), 13 July 1913, quoted in Denys Kay-Robinson,
The First Mrs Thomas Hardy
, p. 257.

26.  Kate Gifford to Thomas Hardy, 25 November 1914, Dorset County Museum.

27.  Evelyn Hardy and F. B. Pinion,
One Rare Fair Woman: Thomas Hardy’s Letters to Florence Henniker,
1893
–
1922, p. 155.

28.  Clodd,
Diary
(unpublished), quoted by Kay-Robinson, op. cit., p. 235.

29.  Ibid., p. 60.

30.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 5, p. 19.

31.  Thomas Hardy to Kate Gifford, 23 November 1914, by kind permission of Bristol University Library.

32.  American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV-TR, 301.0, p. 694.

33.  Ibid., 301.50, p. 714.

34.  Ibid., 301.81, p. 717.

35.  Ibid., 301.20, p. 697.

36.  Ibid., 301.22, p. 701.

37. 
www.bullyonline.org
, 19.07.03.

38.  American Psychiatric Association, op. cit., p. 325.

1.  ‘Order for Reception of a Pauper Lunatic’ (Ethel Lilian Attersoll Gifford), signed 25 July 1919 to Claybury Asylum, Essex. The original copy of this order has been destroyed, but mercifully, Professor Michael Millgate previously obtained a copy of it, which he has most generously made available to the author.

2.  Eric H. Pryor,
Claybury
1893
–
1993
: A Century of Caring
, p. 56.

3.  Michael Millgate,
Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited
, p. 486.

4.  Pryor, op. cit., p. 47.

5.  Ibid., pp. 54–5.

6.  Emma Hardy,
Some Recollections
, p. 9.

7. 
Felix Farley’s Bristol Journal
, 1830, Bristol Central Library, quoted by Robert Gittings in
Young Thomas Hardy
, p. 187.

8.  Robert Gittings,
Young Thomas Hardy
, p. 187.

9.  Leonie Gifford to Thomas Hardy, 28 October 1913, Dorset County Museum.

10.  ‘Gifford Family Information’, quoted by Robert Gittings in
Young Thomas Hardy
, p. 188.

11.  Information kindly supplied by Warneford Hospital, Oxford. Case Books WV 154 vi–viii and Reception Papers WV 169i.

12. 
Gardner’s Directory
, 1852.

13.  Census, 1891.

14.  Richard Little Purdy,
Thomas Hardy; A Bibliographical Study
, p. 122.

15.  Information kindly supplied by Warneford Hospital, Oxford.

16.  Stephanie Jenkins, Oxford History home, 9 June 2008.

17.  Reception Order for John Attersoll Gifford to the Cornwall Lunatic Asylum. Doc. HC/1/34/37. Cornwall Records Office.

18.  C. T. Andrews,
The Dark Awakening: A History of St Lawrence’s Hospital, Bodmin
, p. 68.

19.  Reception Order, op. cit., Doc. HC/1/45/19. Cornwall Records Office.

20.  Emma describes the difficulty which her parents encountered in finding a house suitably big enough to accommodate the family furniture, which was ‘very large’. Eventually, the Giffords were approached by James Kempthorne, Esq., who agreed that they should take (presumably lease) a property which he owned: Kirland House. Emma Hardy,
Some Recollections
, pp. 21–2.

21.  Reception Order, op. cit., Doc. HC/1/45/20. Cornwall Records Office.

1.  Michael Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 4, p. 90.

2.  Ibid., p. 105.

3.  Ibid., p. 107.

4.  Ibid., p. 113.

5.  Ibid., p. 132.

6.  Margaret Newbolt (ed.),
The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Newbolt
, pp. 166–7.

7.  Sir Newman Flower,
Just as it Happened
, p. 96.

8.  Carl J. Weber,
Hardy and the Lady from Madison Square
, p. 165.

9.  Ibid.

10.  Thomas Hardy,
Notebook
, p. 117.

11.  Henry Gifford,
Thomas Hardy and Emma
, p. 116.

12.  Millgate (ed.),
The Collected Letters of Thomas Hardy
, Vol. 5, pp. 15–16.

13.  Ibid., p. 16.

14.  J. Stevens Cox,
Thomas Hardy: Materials for a Study of his Life, Times and Works
, Monogram No 5.

15.  Millgate, op. cit., Vol. 5, p. 27.

16.  Stevens Cox, op. cit., Monogram No 7.

17.  Millgate, op. cit., Vol. 5, p. 30.

18.  Ibid., p. 42.

19.  Henry Gifford, op. cit., pp. 120–1.

20.  Millgate, op. cit., Vol. 5, p. 71.

21.  Ibid., p. 91.

22.  Ibid., p. 135.

23.  Ibid., p. 203.

24.  Florence Emily Hardy,
The Life of Thomas Hardy
, pp. 375–6.

25.  Millgate, op. cit., Vol. 5, p. 212.

1.  The association between Hardy’s ‘St Cleather’ and the real-life village of ‘St Clether’ was first made by author Denys Kay-Robinson in his 1975 article ‘The Face at the Casement’.

2.  Burials in the parish of St Clether. Courtesy of Cornwall Record Office.

3.  In 1966 Thomas Hardy enthusiast Kenneth Phelps proposed Charles Raymond – instead of William Serjeant – as the subject of
The Face at the Casement
. Raymond was a master miller, first of Lewannick and subsequently of Tremeer, St Clether, who died on 30 November 1873 (the date 1874 is inscribed, incorrectly, on his tombstone) and is buried at St Clether. It is impossible, however, to see how this could be so, when at the time in question, May 1871, Raymond was a married man with an 8-year-old daughter, Susanna, three younger children and a wife Mary (
née
Jenkin), whom he had married in August 1864 (Cornwall, 1871 Census, Tremeer, St Clether. Marriage certificate for Charles Raymond and Mary Jenkin, 23 August 1864, courtesy of Plymouth Record Office). It was Denys Kay-Robinson who arrived at the correct conclusion – that William Henry Serjeant was the person in question – in his 1975 article ‘The Face at the Casement’.

4.  Prior to that, the Revd Henry M.A. Serjeant was curate of the Isles of Scilly from 1863–68.

5.  Royal Cornwall Gazette, 27 January 1872, p. 8.

6.  Copy of death certificate kindly supplied by Cornwall Council.

7.  William Henry Serjeant’s younger brother, John Benny Serjeant, died on 11 November 1879, and is buried at Tremeer, where his father was now vicar.