Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security (41 page)

counterterrorism and, 196

see also specific militaries

military, U.S., 6, 44, 64

Afghan officials’ interactions with, 41, 46, 48

Afghan population’s contact with, 41

anticorruption obligations of, 41, 46–47, 146

assistance by, 196

concern for troops’ safety in, 47–48

counterinsurgency and, 139

gathering of information by, 41, 46–47

role in Afghan elections, 41

as training Afghan army and police, 41, 146

military aid, 186, 196–97

military corruption, 72, 81–82

military dictatorships, 20–21, 78–83

see also
Algeria; Egypt; Egyptian military

military-to-military relationships, 41, 197

Milton, John, 166–67

Mirror of King Edward III
(William of Pagula), 16

“Mirrors for Princes,”
see
advice literature (“Mirrors of Princes”)

monarchy, 157, 158–66

criticism of, 167

divine right, 10, 157, 158–60, 162, 170, 237
n

money laundering, 108, 123, 187, 192

Montenegro, 185

Montesquieu, 168

morality:

as cure for society’s ills, 133

public integrity through personal, 169

religion and, 77, 130, 132–33

Mornay, Philippe, 172
n

Morocco, 67, 68, 69–72, 73, 95

Mountian of Fire Miracles Ministries, 130–32, 133

Mubarak, Gamal, 83–85, 86, 89, 93, 108, 214, 226
n

see also
Egyptian crony-capitalist network

Mubarak, Hosni, 32, 67, 68, 78–79, 89–90, 107, 214

Muhammad VI, King of Morocco, 67, 68, 71

Mullen, Michael, 37–38, 67, 68, 69, 136, 143, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151–52, 153

multiparty elections, 20

Muslim Brotherhood, 89–90, 117

Mustapha, Muhammad, 134

Nabeul, 97

Nacer, Talel, 100

Nairobi, 184–85

Najib (brother of Nurallah), 3, 4–5, 11

Narcotics Kingpin Sanctions Regime, 130, 192

Nargis (member of Arghand Cooperative), 4

Nasr City (neighborhood of Cairo), 79

Nassarawa, Ibrahim Aliyu, 122, 130, 134

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 82

National Public Radio (NPR), 6, 21, 22

national security, 83
n
, 145

corruption and, 6–7, 14–15, 16–17, 18–19, 43, 203

National Security Council, U.S., 197

National Security Service, Uzbek (SNB), 110, 216

National Security Staff, U.S. (NSS), 143, 149, 153, 234
n

NATO, 24, 31, 36–37, 48, 65, 186

natural disasters, 186

Nazarav, Obid Kori, 106

Netherlands, 157, 158–62, 164, 167, 168, 178–80
see also
Holland; Low Country

Edict of Abjuration of, 160

New York Times,
123, 151, 154

NGO (Qayum Karzai’s), 23–25, 27

accounting in, 25

fraud committed in, 25

Niger Delta, 123

Nigeria, 66, 118–34, 186, 200, 205

2012 Boko Haram attacks in, 119, 121–22

agriculture in, 124

banks in, 128

bribery in, 120, 129, 217

bunkering of oil in, 123–24

civilian rule in, 125

civil service in, 126–27, 129, 217

collusion with extremists suspected in, 125

corrupt medical system in, 128

distribution of national revenue in, 122

economy of, 122–25, 217,
217

education in, 119, 128, 129, 217

electoral process in, 125–26

Finance Ministry in, 122–23

food industry in, 124

Islam in, 118–19, 125, 130, 132, 133

justice sector reform in, 119

kleptocratic system in, 217

manufacturing in, 124–25

military in, 122, 124

missing oil revenue in, 122–23, 126–27

oil in, 122–24, 125, 217

police in, 119, 120–21, 125

political campaigning in, 125–26

poverty in, 125, 132, 133

public investment in, 124

puritanism in, 178
n

refineries in, 124

religions in, 118–19, 124, 125, 130–34

as synonymous with fraud and corruption, 120

Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation, 123

Nigerian Pentecostalism, 132, 133

Ninety-Five Theses (Luther), 173, 174–75

Nizam al-Mulk, 10–13, 14–15, 26, 27, 104, 112

describing land grabs, 11–13

overhauled military land-grant system, 11

recommending accessibility, 26, 27

recommending a ruler gather information on the conduct of his subordinates, 104

North Korea, 184

North Sea islands (Dutch), 157

North Vietnam, 139

Norway, 187

Nurallah (member of Arghand Cooperative), 3, 4–6, 11, 14, 43, 54

Nyberg, Lars, 109

Obama, Barack, 37, 42, 151, 155, 196, 210

Objective 2015, 153

Oddsson, David, 207

odious debt, 199

officials,
see
public officials

Of the Royal Institution
(Jonas d’Orleans), 15

oil, 73, 122–23, 125, 126, 200, 233
n

illicit siphoning of, 123–24

okadas,
120

Okenyodo, Kemi, 126, 129

Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi, 122

Olcott, Martha Brill, 116

Open Society Foundations, 102, 106, 110

opium, 48, 62, 65–66

oppression,
see
exploitation

Opusunju, Godsgift Nwoke, 129

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 187

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, 199

Orléans, Jonas d’, 15, 104, 164

O’Toole, Fintan, 205–6

“overqualified unemployed,” 70, 71

Pakistan, 4–5, 13, 38, 83
n
, 117, 185, 186, 197,
214

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, 184

Paris, 10, 67

Parliament, 162–164

Patriot Act, 192

patronage system, 58–59,
212
, 213

Peace Corps, 68

Peck, Sarah, 50, 64

Pentagon, 37, 67, 92, 145, 146, 183

Pepin I, King of France, 15, 104

Petition of Right, 162–63

Petraeus, David, 135–36, 138–40, 142, 144, 145, 149, 154, 155, 234
n

Philadelphia, 168

Philip II, King of Spain, 157–62, 178–79

Philippines, 186

pistachios, 34

Plymouth, 181

police:

in Afghanistan, 5–6, 11, 41, 54, 56

bribery by, 87, 120

in Nigeria, 119, 120–21, 125

in Tunisia, 98

in Uzbekistan, 111, 112

police checkpoints, 5, 112, 121

police corruption:

in Afghanistan, 5, 11, 49, 53

in Egypt, 87–88

in Nigeria, 120–21

police extortion, 120–21

Policratius
(John of Salisbury), 15, 35, 63

political Islam, 21–22, 75, 90

pomegranates, 33, 66

poppy, 65, 66
n

poverty:

in Morocco, 70

in Nigeria, 125, 132, 133

powers, separation of, 172
n

Pre-Reformation Catholic church:

bribery in, 176

corruption in, 133, 174–77, 179, 181, 218

extortion by, 174–77, 179, 218

as kleptocratic, 174–77, 178, 180, 183

kleptocratic system of, 218,
218

Prince, The
(Machiavelli), 8–9, 11, 17, 18

Principals’ Committee, 145, 149, 152–53, 154, 234
n

privatization, 84–85, 125, 207

Privy Council, 163

prostitution, 109

Protestants (early) as extremists, 178
n
, 178–180

Protestantism, 158, 161, 172–81

jihadis compared with, 180–81

protests for, 179–80

repression of, 178

see also
Huguenots

protests, 101

in Algeria, 20

in Egypt, 78–79, 84

in Morocco, 68, 70, 71–72

in Nigeria, 128

in North Africa, 67

Protestant, 179–80

in Tunisia, 94–95

in Uzbekistan, 103–4, 105, 115

see also
Arab Spring

public officials:

bribing of, 184–85, 193

criminal alliances with, 185

monitoring of financial transactions of, 192

see also
Afghan officials; intermediaries; leaders; Nigerian officials; Tunisian officials; United States officials; Uzbek officials

public resources, 73
see also
corruption, development resources and

public spending, as hijacked for private gain, 13, 33, 86–87, 127

public welfare, 128

puritanism, 178
n
, 180–81

Qaddhafi, Muammar, 98

Qatar, 74

Qatih, Matiullah, 5, 54

Raba’a Square, 90

Rabat, 69–70, 198

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations, U.S. (RICO) statute, 193

Rades, 96

Rakoff, Jed, 210–11

Rassd, 90

raw materials, 122

Reagan-Thatcher era, 115

real estate, 94–95, 207

see also
land grabbing; land value

Reformation, 174, 177, 240
n

Regional Command South (RC-South), 28, 29, 36, 48, 135

Regional Command East (RC-East), 48

religion, 20, 102–3, 104–5, 171, 172–78

integrity and, 63–64, 75, 77

militant political, 75

morality and, 77, 130, 132–33

as recourse against corrupt government, 115–16

violence and, 133

see also
pre-Reformation Catholic church

religious conservatism, 102–3, 117

religious diversity, 118

religious extremism, 69, 83
n
, 117, 125, 172–83

iconoclasm and, 179–80

kleptocracy and, 66

see also
extremism; jihadis; protestants as extremists; Salafis

religious freedom, 101

Renaissance, 17

repentance, 173–74

Rescue and Counseling International, 129

resources, corrupt system and, 44, 45, 73, 122–23, 126–27, 186, 195

see also
kleptocracies, in Nigeria,

Reykjavik, 207

Robertson, Geoffrey, 164

Rome, 174–77, 218

Rosenberg, Matthew, 154

Russia, 115, 117, 192

Rustam (pseudonym of Uzbek trade union representative), 113

Ruth (pseudonym of Nigerian housekeeper), 126, 127, 128, 132, 133

Rwanda, 194

Sahara Desert, 118

Salafis, 89, 99, 119, 132, 181

Salehi, Muhammad Zia, 140–42, 143, 154

Salisbury, John of, 15, 35, 63, 87, 97, 111, 176

Samarqand, 111

Sanusi, Lamido, 122–23

Sayfullah (Afghan Border Police official), 53, 54–57, 59, 60, 142

scams, construction, 13, 33, 86–87

Schroeder, Christopher, 32

Scobey, Margaret, 32

Scotland, 163

Scotland Yard, 52

Sea of Precious Virtues, The,
27, 121

security, 184–86, 189–90, 192

problems of, fueled by corruption, 15, 192

see also
international security; national security

Sensitive Investigations Unit (SIU), 49, 140, 143

separation of powers, 172
n

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 22, 99, 181

as act of iconoclasm, 183

sex tourism, 95

sex trafficking, 109, 185

Shah, Malik, 11, 26

Shah Wali Kot, 17

shari’a (Islamic law), 119, 129–30, 180

Shebab bribe, 184–85

Shell, 124

Shettima, Kole, 123, 126, 132

Shikarpur Gate, 4

Ship of Fools
(O’Toole), 205

Shirzai, Gul Agha, 137

Sicily, 94

Sigismund, Roman Emperor, 176

Sigmundsdóttir, Alda, 208

Silk Road, 111, 116

Siyasat Nameh
(
Treatise on Government
) (Nizam al-Mulk), 10–12, 14, 15, 112

social welfare, 82

soft state, 88

Souidi, Intissar, 99

South Vietnam, 139, 147

Soviet Union, 68, 69, 80, 107, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115–16, 141

Spain, 157–58, 160

Spanish Armada, 161–62

Spanish Inquisition, 158

Spanta, Rangin, 142

Special Forces, U.S., 31

Spin Boldak, 22

Spirit of the Laws, The
(Montesquieu), 168

spiritual warfare, 133

Srour, Fathi, 86

Stacher, Joshua, 79

Star Chamber, 162

State Department, U.S., 28, 48, 49, 119, 146, 149, 152

States General, 158–59

Stockholm syndrome, 51

Strömsund, 106
n

subordinates,
see
intermediaries

Sufism, 118, 180

suicide bombing, 121

Sunmonu, Matiu, 124

Sunnis, 224
n

Switzerland, 108, 116, 175, 176

Syr Darya River, 102

Syria, 77, 226
n

Tabiu, Muhammed, 129–30

Tahrir Square, 68

Tajikistan, 64, 110

Taliban, 12, 138, 152, 222
n

abusive behavior of, 4, 30, 31–32

Afghan government corruption and, 6, 43, 152

in Afghanistan, 6, 42, 45, 50, 61, 64, 75, 119

fall of, 6, 22, 25

Tarnak River, 13

Tashkent, 101, 109, 111, 113, 116

taxes, 4, 18, 81, 88, 97, 113, 140, 162

collection of, 159

nonpayment of, 96

tax evasion, 187

tax fraud, 187

TeliaSonera, 108–9

terrorism, 46, 61, 68–69, 90, 102, 119, 155

enabled by corrupt government, 184, 185

funding of, 49, 140, 187

13 Bankers
(Johnson and Kwak), 209

This Week
(ABC)
,
141

Timbuktu, 180

“To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation” (Luther), 174

tolls, 161

torture, 8, 9, 98, 101, 121, 160

tourism, 94–95

Tozeur, 96–97

Trabelsi, Belhacen, 93

Trabelsi, Leila,
see
Ben Ali, Leila Trabelsi

Trabelsi family, 92, 95–96, 97, 108

trafficking, 185

of drugs, 51, 52, 64, 65–66, 110, 140, 151, 185

of medicine, 185

of migrants, 185