The Year Without Summer (47 page)

Jackson, Andrew

Java

British possession of

Jefferson, Thomas

weather observations of

Jerome, Chauncey

jet stream

John, Saint

John VI, King

Johnson, Richard

Jones, William

Kent, Duke of

King, Rufus

Krakatoa

Laki

Lamb, H. H.

Lancaster Gazetteer

Lancaster Sands
(Turner)

landscape artists

Turner

Latrobe, Benjamin

Lausanne

Leavitt, Dudley

Leigh, Augusta

Leopold I, King

Lewis, Matthew Gregory “Monk”

lightning rods

lightning storms

Linguet, Simon-Nicholas Henri

Lining, John

liquor

Little, Enoch

Liverpool, Robert Jenkinson, Lord

London

sunsets in

London Chronicle

London
Examiner

London
Star

Louis XIV, King

Louis XVI, King

Louis XVIII, King

Louisiana

Lowell, Frances Cabot

lunar eclipse

Lyon

Mackenzie, George

MacLaurin, John

Madison, Dolley

Madison, James

Executive Mansion of

popularity of

weather observations of

Maine

emigration out of

Malthus, Thomas Robert

maple syrup

Maria, Queen

Marie Antoinette

Marie Thérèse de France

Marshall, John

Mary, Princess

Maryland Gazette

Massachusetts

Mather, Cotton

Maunder, Edward

Maunder Minimum

Mease, James

Mersenne, Marin

meteorology

instruments used in

medicine and

theological

Metternich, Klemens von

Milan

Milbanke, Annabella

milk

Mill, James

millennialists

miners

Mississippi River

Monroe, James

Montreal

Montreal Herald

moon

eclipse of

Moor’s Charity School

Mormon Church

Morning Chronicle

Mount Agung

Mount Mayon

Mount St. Helens

Mount Tambora

eruptions of

Mount Tambora eruption of 1815

aerosol cloud from

ash cloud from

cooling from

deaths from

explosions in

magnitude of

news of

preliminary eruption

pumice from

pyroclastic flows from

rainstorm following

tremors from

tsunami from

Murray, John

Napoléon I, Emperor

in Battle of Waterloo

exile in Elba

Raffles and

return to Paris

National Register

Native Americans

Natural Theology

Navier, Claude-Louis

Navier-Stokes equations

Necker, Jacques

Netherlands

Neuville, Jean-Guillaume Hyde de

Newcastle Mercury

New England

emigration out of

farming in

fields of ice in

forest fires in

rain in

New England Palladium

New Hampshire

Dartmouth College in

textile industry in

New-Hampshire Patriot

New-Hampshire Sentinel

New York City

New York Evening Post

Nicholas, Wilson Cary

Niles, Hezekiah

Niles’ Weekly Register

Noel, Lady

Norfolk Beacon

Norfolk Chronicle

North America:

debate over climate change in

in winter of 1815–16

North American Review

North and South poles

cyclonic vortex near

North Atlantic Oscillation

North Carolina

Novarupta

nuclear bombs

oats

ocean temperatures

O’Connell, Daniel

Ohio

olive oil

Oliver, William

omega blocks

orchards

Paley, William

Paris

Pascal, Blaise

peace

Peel, Robert

Pennsylvania

farms in

Philadelphia

Pittsburgh

Perceval, Spencer

Persuasion
(Austen)

Petersburg Intelligencer

Philip V, King

Phillips, Owen

Picture of Philadelphia
(Mease)

Pilgrims

Pinatubo

Place, Francis

Plumer, William

Polidori, John W.

Political Register

pollution

Poor Employment Act

pork

Portugal

Post, John D.

presidential election of 1816

Priestly, J. B.

Prince, Thomas

Prince Regent (George IV)

Providentialism

Prussia

Quarterly Review

Quebec

Quebec Gazette

Raffles, Stamford

Napoléon and

Raffles, Thomas

rain:

in Continental Europe

drought

in Great Britain

in Ireland

in New England

in Virginia

Randolph, John

religion

apocalyptic predictions

French Revolution and

Pilgrims and

prayers

processions

revival movements

in upstate New York

Revelation, Book of

Ricardo, David

Richardson, Lew Fry

Richmond Enquirer

Robbins, Samuel

Robbins, Thomas

Rocca, Albert Jean Michel de

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Royal Academy of Sciences

Royal Cornwall Gazette

Royal Meteorological Society

Rumford’s soup

Rush, Richard

Rutland Herald

Saint Helena

Sanggar

Santa Maria

Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de

Schwarzenberg, Karl

science

Scotland

Selkirk, Earl of

sheep

Shelley, Frances, Lady

Shelley, Harriet Wentworth

Shelley, John

Shelley, Mary Godwin

death of

Frankenstein

half-sister of

Percy’s marriage to

Shelley, Percy Bysshe

death of

Mary’s marriage to

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley

Shindell, Drew

Sidmouth, Lord

Simond, Louis

Singapore

Sismondi, Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de

slavery

Smith, Adam

Smith, David C.

Smith, Don Carlos

Smith, Joseph

Smith, Joseph, Jr.

Smith, Lucy

snow

colored

in spring and summer of 1816

Société Royale de Médecine

soil temperatures

Soufrière

South Carolina

Spain

spring of 1816

squirrels

steamboats

Stendhal

Stilwell, Lewis

Stockbridge Star

Stoker, Bram

Stokes, George Gabriel

Sumatra

Sumbawa

Sumenep

summer of 1817

sun

eclipse of

magnetic field around

prediction of extinguishment of

sunsets

sunspots

superstition

Surakarta

Switzerland

crime in

emigration out of

famine in

Taiwan

Tambora (village)

Tambora (volcano)

eruption of 1815,
see
Mount Tambora eruption of 1815

eruptions of

Teignmouth

telegraph

temperatures:

cooling from Mount Tambora

of Earth interior

in Europe

North American climate change

Teramo

textile industries

thermometers

Thomas, David

Thompson, Benjamin

Times
(London)

Tompkins, Daniel

Torricelli, Evangelista

trade winds

Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

Turner, William

Twomey, Sean

“Two-Penny Trash”

typhus

United States:

Bank of

cities in

Compensation Act in

Congress of

Declaration of Independence anniversary in

Democratic-Republicans in

emigration from Europe to

farming in,
see
farming, in U.S.

federal budget of

Federalists in

improved relations between Britain and

manufacturing in

national debt of

nationalism in

Native American tribes in

political parties in

population growth in

presidential election of 1816

Spain and

taxes in

transportation in

War of 1812

winter of 1815–16 in

University of Virginia

Vermont

Vermont Journal

Vermont Mirror

Vermont Register and Almanac

Vesuvius

vineyards

Virginia, 138,1 59–60

volcanic eruptions:

computer simulations of

cooling temperatures caused by

Eyjafjallajökull

Huaynaputina

Krakatoa

Laki

measurement of

Mount Agung

Mount St. Helens

Novarupta

Pinatubo

Santa Maria

Vesuvius

Volcanic Explosivity Index

Volney, Comte de

Voltaire

warm fronts

War of 1812

Waterloo, Battle of

weather:

collection of measurements and statistics on

diaries on

disease correlated with

forecasting of

Jefferson’s observations on

Madison’s observations on

in summer of 1811

in summers immediately preceding 1816

see also
meteorology; temperatures

wars

Washington, George

Webster, Noah

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of

wheat:

harvesting of

see also
grain and bread

Wheelock, Eleazar

Wheelock, John

Whitman, Joshua

Whitworth, Lord

Wilberforce, William

William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester

Williams, Samuel

Willis, Francis

winds, westerly

winter of 1815–16:

in Europe

in North America

winters:

American, debate over temperatures in

in New England

in Europe

snow in

winter storms in summer

Wirt, William

witches

Wollstonecraft, Mary

illegitimate daughter of

Wood, Gordon

woolen goods

Year of Wonders

York, Duke of

Young, William

Yverdon

Zanesville
Messenger

Zerefos, C. S.

Zichy, Francois

A
LSO BY
W
ILLIAM
K. K
LINGAMAN

1919: The Year Our World Began

1929: The Year of the Great Crash

1941: Our Lives in a World on the Edge

Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation

Encyclopedia of the McCarthy Era

The First Century: Emperors, Gods, and Everyman

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

WILLIAM K. KLINGAMAN (left) holds a Ph.D. in American history from the University
of Virginia and has taught at the University of Virginia and the University of Maryland.
He is the author of six previous books, including narrative histories of the years
1918, 1929, and 1941.

NICHOLAS P. KLINGAMAN holds a Ph.D. in meteorology from the University of Reading,
United Kingdom, where he is now a research scientist. His work focuses on improving
computer simulations of tropical weather and climate, particularly monsoons, and on
investigating the effects of climate change on tropical weather patterns.

THE YEAR WITHOUT SUMMER: 1816 AND THE VOLCANO THAT DARKENED THE WORLD AND CHANGED
HISTORY
. Copyright © 2013 by William K. Klingaman and Nicholas P. Klingaman. All rights reserved.
For information, address St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010.

www.stmartins.com

Cover illustration by Rob Wood

ISBN 978-0-312-67645-2 (hardcover)

ISBN 9781250012067 (e-book)

First Edition: February 2013