The Vikings (61 page)
Authors: Robert Ferguson
4
. Not to be confused with six different Viking Age ships, the ‘Roskilde ships’, discovered in 1996.
. Not to be confused with six different Viking Age ships, the ‘Roskilde ships’, discovered in 1996.
6
. ‘Jakter på DNA i Osebergskipet’, by Cato Guhnfeldt,
Aftenposten
, 10 July 2006. An unexpected benefit of this has been to provide marine biologists with invaluable information about the DNA of whales in the Viking Age.
. ‘Jakter på DNA i Osebergskipet’, by Cato Guhnfeldt,
Aftenposten
, 10 July 2006. An unexpected benefit of this has been to provide marine biologists with invaluable information about the DNA of whales in the Viking Age.
14
. ibid., p. 273.
. ibid., p. 273.
15
. ibid., p. 281.
. ibid., p. 281.
16
. ‘Pict and Viking: settlement or slaughter?’ by Sigurd Towrie. Internet resource at
http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/vikingorkney/takeover.htm
(accessed 13.11.2007).
. ‘Pict and Viking: settlement or slaughter?’ by Sigurd Towrie. Internet resource at
http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/vikingorkney/takeover.htm
(accessed 13.11.2007).
19
. ‘The Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the ninth century’, by Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Internet resource in ‘Chronicon: An electronic history journal’ at
http://www.ucc.ie/chronicon/ocorr2.htm
(accessed 02.02.2004).
. ‘The Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the ninth century’, by Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Internet resource in ‘Chronicon: An electronic history journal’ at
http://www.ucc.ie/chronicon/ocorr2.htm
(accessed 02.02.2004).
21
. ‘Genocide in Orkney? The fate of the Orcadian Picts’, by Julie Gibson and Tom Muir, in
Viking Heritage
, 3 (2005: 26).
. ‘Genocide in Orkney? The fate of the Orcadian Picts’, by Julie Gibson and Tom Muir, in
Viking Heritage
, 3 (2005: 26).
23
. ‘Before the Vikings: pre-Norse Caithness’, by Robert B. Gourlay, in
The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic
, ed. Colleen E. Batey, Judith Jesch and Christopher D. Morris (Edinburgh 1993: 115).
. ‘Before the Vikings: pre-Norse Caithness’, by Robert B. Gourlay, in
The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic
, ed. Colleen E. Batey, Judith Jesch and Christopher D. Morris (Edinburgh 1993: 115).
24
.
Viking Orkney: Did Vikings kill the native population of Orkney and Shetland
?, an essay by Brian Smith, quoting John Steward. Internet resource at
http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/vikingorkney/warpeace/
(accessed 26.02.2006). See also ‘Explorers, raiders and settlers. The Norse impact upon Hebridean place-names’, by Arne Kruse, in
Cultural Contacts in the North Atlantic Region: The evidence of names
, ed. P. Gammeltoft, C. Hough and D. Waugh, published by NORNA, Scottish Place-name Society and Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland (2005: 141-56).
.
Viking Orkney: Did Vikings kill the native population of Orkney and Shetland
?, an essay by Brian Smith, quoting John Steward. Internet resource at
http://www.orkneyjar.com/history/vikingorkney/warpeace/
(accessed 26.02.2006). See also ‘Explorers, raiders and settlers. The Norse impact upon Hebridean place-names’, by Arne Kruse, in
Cultural Contacts in the North Atlantic Region: The evidence of names
, ed. P. Gammeltoft, C. Hough and D. Waugh, published by NORNA, Scottish Place-name Society and Society for Name Studies in Britain and Ireland (2005: 141-56).
25
. ‘Central places in Viking Age Orkney’, by Frans-Arne Stylegar, in
Northern Studies
, no. 38 (2004: 6).
. ‘Central places in Viking Age Orkney’, by Frans-Arne Stylegar, in
Northern Studies
, no. 38 (2004: 6).
29
. ‘Viking genetics survey results’, by Nicola Cook (December 2001), BBC History. Online resource (accessed 3.3.2003).
. ‘Viking genetics survey results’, by Nicola Cook (December 2001), BBC History. Online resource (accessed 3.3.2003).
30
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 67).
.
Historia Norwegie
, ed. Inger Ekrem and Lars Boje Mortensen, trans. Peter Fisher (Copenhagen 2003: 67).
31
. ibid., p. 65.
. ibid., p. 65.
32
. See ‘An ethnic enigma - Norse, Pict and Gael in the Western Isles’, by Andrew Jennings and Arne Kruse, in
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Viking Congress
, ed. Andras Mortensen (Tórshavn 2001: 251-63).
. See ‘An ethnic enigma - Norse, Pict and Gael in the Western Isles’, by Andrew Jennings and Arne Kruse, in
Proceedings of the Fourteenth Viking Congress
, ed. Andras Mortensen (Tórshavn 2001: 251-63).
33
. ‘Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods’, by S. Goodacre, A. Helgason, J. Nicholson, L. Southam, L. Ferguson, E. Hickey, E. Vega, K. Stefánsson, R. Ward and B. Sykes, in
Heredity
, no. 95 (2005: 129-35). Published online, 6 April 2005, at
http://www.nature.com/hdy/
.
. ‘Genetic evidence for a family-based Scandinavian settlement of Shetland and Orkney during the Viking periods’, by S. Goodacre, A. Helgason, J. Nicholson, L. Southam, L. Ferguson, E. Hickey, E. Vega, K. Stefánsson, R. Ward and B. Sykes, in
Heredity
, no. 95 (2005: 129-35). Published online, 6 April 2005, at
http://www.nature.com/hdy/
.
36
. Quoted in ‘The Viking towns of Ireland’, by Liam de Paor, in
Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress
, ed. Bo Almqvist and David Greene (Dublin 1976: 29).
. Quoted in ‘The Viking towns of Ireland’, by Liam de Paor, in
Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress
, ed. Bo Almqvist and David Greene (Dublin 1976: 29).
37
. ‘The Irish Church, 800-
c.
1050’, by Kathleen Hughes, in
A New History of Ireland
, ed. Daibhi Ó Cróinín (Oxford 2005: 637).
. ‘The Irish Church, 800-
c.
1050’, by Kathleen Hughes, in
A New History of Ireland
, ed. Daibhi Ó Cróinín (Oxford 2005: 637).
45
. ‘The Viking Age’, by F. J. Byrne, in
A New History of Ireland
, ed. Daibhi Ó Cróinín (Oxford 2005: 612).
. ‘The Viking Age’, by F. J. Byrne, in
A New History of Ireland
, ed. Daibhi Ó Cróinín (Oxford 2005: 612).
48
. ‘Short report on a recent Viking find in Norway’, by Ragnar L. Børsheim, in
Viking Heritage
, 1 (2000: 22).
. ‘Short report on a recent Viking find in Norway’, by Ragnar L. Børsheim, in
Viking Heritage
, 1 (2000: 22).
49
. ‘Insular finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the state formation of Norway’, by Egon Wamers, in
Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age
, ed. H. B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh and Ragnhall Ó Floinn (Dublin 1998).
. ‘Insular finds in Viking Age Scandinavia and the state formation of Norway’, by Egon Wamers, in
Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age
, ed. H. B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh and Ragnhall Ó Floinn (Dublin 1998).
51
. ‘Viking genetics survey results’, op. cit.
. ‘Viking genetics survey results’, op. cit.
52
. ‘Nordisk innvandring, bosetning og samfunnsdannelse på Isle of Man i middelalderen’, by Per Sveaas Andersen, in
Collegium Medievale
, vol. 8.1 (1995: 5-49).
. ‘Nordisk innvandring, bosetning og samfunnsdannelse på Isle of Man i middelalderen’, by Per Sveaas Andersen, in
Collegium Medievale
, vol. 8.1 (1995: 5-49).
55
. ‘Viking Age Faroe Islands and their southern links’, by Steffen Stummann Hansen, in
The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic
, op. cit., p. 475.
CHAPTER 5 THE VIKINGS IN THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE. ‘Viking Age Faroe Islands and their southern links’, by Steffen Stummann Hansen, in
The Viking Age in Caithness, Orkney and the North Atlantic
, op. cit., p. 475.
1
.
Two Lives of Charlemagne
, by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, trans. and introd. Lewis Thorpe (London 1969: 159).
.
Two Lives of Charlemagne
, by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, trans. and introd. Lewis Thorpe (London 1969: 159).
3
. ‘Study into the socio-political history of the Obodrites’, by Roman Zaroff,
Collegium Medievale
vol. 16 (2003: 7).
. ‘Study into the socio-political history of the Obodrites’, by Roman Zaroff,
Collegium Medievale
vol. 16 (2003: 7).
4
.
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals
and Nithard’s
Histories
, trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers (Michigan 1972: 59).
.
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals
and Nithard’s
Histories
, trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers (Michigan 1972: 59).
6
. ibid., p. 68.
. ibid., p. 68.
7
. The origin and meaning of the nickname Klak are uncertain. See
The Works of Sven Aggesen
, trans. with introd. and notes by Eric Christiansen (London 1992: 116-17).
. The origin and meaning of the nickname Klak are uncertain. See
The Works of Sven Aggesen
, trans. with introd. and notes by Eric Christiansen (London 1992: 116-17).
9
. ‘Haugbrott eller gravplyndring i tidlig kristentid?’ by Bjørn Myhre, in
Fra hammer til kors. 1000 år med kristendom. Brytningstid I Viken
(Oslo 1994: 85).
. ‘Haugbrott eller gravplyndring i tidlig kristentid?’ by Bjørn Myhre, in
Fra hammer til kors. 1000 år med kristendom. Brytningstid I Viken
(Oslo 1994: 85).
11
. ibid., p. 114
. ibid., p. 114
12
. ‘Rimbert:
Life of Anskar
, the Apostle of the North, 801-865’, trans. Charles H. Robinson, ch. 7. Internet resource at
Medieval Sourcebook
,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/anskar.html
(accessed 17.02.2004).
. ‘Rimbert:
Life of Anskar
, the Apostle of the North, 801-865’, trans. Charles H. Robinson, ch. 7. Internet resource at
Medieval Sourcebook
,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/anskar.html
(accessed 17.02.2004).
13
. ‘The medieval theory of empire’, in
Lectures in the History of Political Thought
, by Michael Oakeshott (Charlottesville 2006: 288-9).
. ‘The medieval theory of empire’, in
Lectures in the History of Political Thought
, by Michael Oakeshott (Charlottesville 2006: 288-9).
14
. ‘Study into the socio-political history of the Obodrites’, by Roman Zaroff,
Collegium Medievale
, vol. 16 (2003: 25).
. ‘Study into the socio-political history of the Obodrites’, by Roman Zaroff,
Collegium Medievale
, vol. 16 (2003: 25).
15
.
Adam av Bremen. Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993: 37-8) (Book 1, Chapter 15).
.
Adam av Bremen. Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993: 37-8) (Book 1, Chapter 15).
18
.
The Annals of St-Bertin
, trans. and annotated by Janet L. Nelson (Manchester 1991: 51) (s.a. 841).
.
The Annals of St-Bertin
, trans. and annotated by Janet L. Nelson (Manchester 1991: 51) (s.a. 841).
19
. ibid.
. ibid.
20
.
Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX: I. English Text; II. Commentary
, trans. and annotated by Hilda Ellis Davidson and Peter Fisher (Cambridge 2002: 291).
.
Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX: I. English Text; II. Commentary
, trans. and annotated by Hilda Ellis Davidson and Peter Fisher (Cambridge 2002: 291).
23
. ibid., ch. 11.
. ibid., ch. 11.
24
. ibid., ch. 12.
. ibid., ch. 12.
25
. ibid.
. ibid.
26
. ibid.
. ibid.
28
. ‘The foreign policy of Horik I, king of Denmark 814-54’, by Nils Lund. Internet resource from
Historisk Tidskrift
. At
http://www.historisktidsskrift.dk/summary/102
-21.html (accessed 02.06.2004).
. ‘The foreign policy of Horik I, king of Denmark 814-54’, by Nils Lund. Internet resource from
Historisk Tidskrift
. At
http://www.historisktidsskrift.dk/summary/102
-21.html (accessed 02.06.2004).
29
. ‘Ex Ermentarii miraculis sancti Filiberti’. Extracts trans. and printed in
The History of Feudalism
, ed. David Herlihy (London 1971: 9).
. ‘Ex Ermentarii miraculis sancti Filiberti’. Extracts trans. and printed in
The History of Feudalism
, ed. David Herlihy (London 1971: 9).
31
. ‘The defence of Birka - this year’s excavation at the Garrison’, by Lena Holmquist Olausson, in
Viking Heritage
, 5 (1998: 6-8).
. ‘The defence of Birka - this year’s excavation at the Garrison’, by Lena Holmquist Olausson, in
Viking Heritage
, 5 (1998: 6-8).
32
. Bj 854: ‘Rikaste kvinnan i Birka’, on CD-ROM
Vikingarnas Birka: Utstil lingen 1998
. Produced by Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm, 2000.
. Bj 854: ‘Rikaste kvinnan i Birka’, on CD-ROM
Vikingarnas Birka: Utstil lingen 1998
. Produced by Statens Historiska Museum, Stockholm, 2000.
34
. ibid., ch. 17.
. ibid., ch. 17.
35
. ibid., ch. 19.
. ibid., ch. 19.
39
. ‘Pagan and Christian in the age of conversion’, by Anne-Sofie Gräslund, in
Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress
(Oslo 1987: p. 85).
. ‘Pagan and Christian in the age of conversion’, by Anne-Sofie Gräslund, in
Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress
(Oslo 1987: p. 85).
41
. ‘The Frankish tribute payments to the Vikings and their consequences’, by Simon Coupland, in
Francia
, 26, 1 (1999).
. ‘The Frankish tribute payments to the Vikings and their consequences’, by Simon Coupland, in
Francia
, 26, 1 (1999).
43
. ibid., p. 91.
. ibid., p. 91.
46
. Abbo’s ‘
Wars of Count Odo with the Northmen in the Reign of Charles the Fat
. Quoted in
A Source Book of Medieval History
, ed. Frederic A. Ogg (Chicago 1907: 168).
. Abbo’s ‘
Wars of Count Odo with the Northmen in the Reign of Charles the Fat
. Quoted in
A Source Book of Medieval History
, ed. Frederic A. Ogg (Chicago 1907: 168).
47
. ‘The Vikings in Francia’, in
Early Medieval History
, by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (Oxford 1975; 208).
. ‘The Vikings in Francia’, in
Early Medieval History
, by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (Oxford 1975; 208).
48
. ‘Three sources on the ravages of the Northmen in Frankland,
c.
843-912: Abbo’s ‘
Wars of Count Odo with the Northmen in the Reign of Charles the Fat
’. Internet resource at
Medieval Sourcebook
,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/843bertin.html
(accessed 21.07.2006).
CHAPTER 6 ACROSS THE BALTIC. ‘Three sources on the ravages of the Northmen in Frankland,
c.
843-912: Abbo’s ‘
Wars of Count Odo with the Northmen in the Reign of Charles the Fat
’. Internet resource at
Medieval Sourcebook
,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/843bertin.html
(accessed 21.07.2006).
1
. For a full discussion of these and other possible goals see
The Emergence of Rus, 750-1200
, by Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard (Eastbourne 2002: 31-41).
. For a full discussion of these and other possible goals see
The Emergence of Rus, 750-1200
, by Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard (Eastbourne 2002: 31-41).
3
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: p. 23).
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: p. 23).
4
. ibid., p. 9.
. ibid., p. 9.
6
. ‘Saxo Grammaticus on the Balts’, by Tomas Baranauskas, in
Saxo and the Baltic Region. A symposium
, ed. Tore Nyberg (Odense 2004: 71).
. ‘Saxo Grammaticus on the Balts’, by Tomas Baranauskas, in
Saxo and the Baltic Region. A symposium
, ed. Tore Nyberg (Odense 2004: 71).
7
. ‘Grobin - Anskars-krönikans Seeburg?’ by Agneta Lundström, in
Gutar och vikingar
(Stockholm 1983: 325).
. ‘Grobin - Anskars-krönikans Seeburg?’ by Agneta Lundström, in
Gutar och vikingar
(Stockholm 1983: 325).
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