Authors: Robert Ferguson
The Vikings (60 page)
3
. ‘Limits of Viking influence in Wales’, by Mark Redknap, in
British Archaeology
40 (December 1998, 40).
. ‘Limits of Viking influence in Wales’, by Mark Redknap, in
British Archaeology
40 (December 1998, 40).
4
. ‘The Viking mind or in pursuit of the Viking’, by Anthony Faulkes, in
Saga-Book
, journal of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. XXXI (University College, London 2007: 47).
. ‘The Viking mind or in pursuit of the Viking’, by Anthony Faulkes, in
Saga-Book
, journal of the Viking Society for Northern Research, vol. XXXI (University College, London 2007: 47).
7
. Like most other Viking Age monuments, the stone takes its name from the place where it now stands, or where it was originally sited.
. Like most other Viking Age monuments, the stone takes its name from the place where it now stands, or where it was originally sited.
9
. For a critique of the revisionist view, see David Dumville,
The Churches of North Britain in the First Viking Age
(Whithorn 1997: 9-14).
. For a critique of the revisionist view, see David Dumville,
The Churches of North Britain in the First Viking Age
(Whithorn 1997: 9-14).
10
. ‘Traditionen om Gange Rolf’ by Ebbe Hertzberg, in
Rikssamling og Kristendom
, ed. Andreas Holmsen and Jarle Simensen (Oslo 1967: 36-7).
CHAPTER 1 THE OSEBERG SHIP. ‘Traditionen om Gange Rolf’ by Ebbe Hertzberg, in
Rikssamling og Kristendom
, ed. Andreas Holmsen and Jarle Simensen (Oslo 1967: 36-7).
5
.
Osebergdronningens grav, Vår arkeologiske nasjonalskatt i nytt lys
, ed. Arne Emil Christensen, Anne Stine Ingstad and Bjørn Myhre (Oslo 1992).
.
Osebergdronningens grav, Vår arkeologiske nasjonalskatt i nytt lys
, ed. Arne Emil Christensen, Anne Stine Ingstad and Bjørn Myhre (Oslo 1992).
6
. Although the fact that both had beds and were buried in the same chamber does not tally with the social status accorded the slave in Viking Age society.
. Although the fact that both had beds and were buried in the same chamber does not tally with the social status accorded the slave in Viking Age society.
9
. ‘Risala: Ibn Fadlan’s account of the Rus’. Internet resource at
http:// www.vikinganswerslady.com
(accessed 16.02.2009).
. ‘Risala: Ibn Fadlan’s account of the Rus’. Internet resource at
http:// www.vikinganswerslady.com
(accessed 16.02.2009).
10
. Saxo Grammaticus,
The History of the Danes
,
Books I-IX
, ed. Hilda Ellis Davidson, trans. Peter Fisher (Cambridge 2002: 31).
CHAPTER 2 THE CULTURE OF NORTHERN HEATHENDOM. Saxo Grammaticus,
The History of the Danes
,
Books I-IX
, ed. Hilda Ellis Davidson, trans. Peter Fisher (Cambridge 2002: 31).
2
. A suggestive twist to Snorri’s tale of tribal wandering from the south has been the identification of the DNA of the younger of the two Oseberg women as belonging to haploid group U7, which is rare in Europe but common in Iran and the region around the Black Sea (‘Uskadd ut av kisten’, Schrödingers katt, NRK 12.09.2007).
. A suggestive twist to Snorri’s tale of tribal wandering from the south has been the identification of the DNA of the younger of the two Oseberg women as belonging to haploid group U7, which is rare in Europe but common in Iran and the region around the Black Sea (‘Uskadd ut av kisten’, Schrödingers katt, NRK 12.09.2007).
3
. My interpretation of the basic structure outlined here owes much to Gro Stensland’s
Eros og død i norrøne myter
(Oslo 1997).
. My interpretation of the basic structure outlined here owes much to Gro Stensland’s
Eros og død i norrøne myter
(Oslo 1997).
11
. ibid., vol. 6, p. 373.
. ibid., vol. 6, p. 373.
16
.
Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX: I. English Text; II. Commentary
, trans. and annotated by Hilda Ellis Davidson and Peter Fisher (Cambridge 2002: 172).
.
Saxo Grammaticus: The History of the Danes, Books I-IX: I. English Text; II. Commentary
, trans. and annotated by Hilda Ellis Davidson and Peter Fisher (Cambridge 2002: 172).
17
.
Adam av Bremen. Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993: 207) (Book IV, Chapters 26 and 27).
.
Adam av Bremen. Beretningen om Hamburg stift, erkebiskopenes bedrifter og øyrikene i Norden
, trans. and ed. Bjørg Tosterud Danielsen and Anne Katrine Frihagen (Oslo 1993: 207) (Book IV, Chapters 26 and 27).
20
. ‘Vikinger fra Vestsjælland ofrede mennesker’, by Anne Bech-Danielsen, in
Politiken
, 9 January 2009.
. ‘Vikinger fra Vestsjælland ofrede mennesker’, by Anne Bech-Danielsen, in
Politiken
, 9 January 2009.
21
. The pit and contents are on display in the Museum of Antiquities in Visby, Gotland.
. The pit and contents are on display in the Museum of Antiquities in Visby, Gotland.
22
. Many of the surviving picture-stones are on display in the Museum of Antiquities, Visby, Gotland. The Hammars stone is in the open-air museum at Bunge, in the north of the island.
. Many of the surviving picture-stones are on display in the Museum of Antiquities, Visby, Gotland. The Hammars stone is in the open-air museum at Bunge, in the north of the island.
23
.
The Viking Age in the Isle of Man. The archaeological evidence
, by David M. Wilson (Odense 1974: 26).
.
The Viking Age in the Isle of Man. The archaeological evidence
, by David M. Wilson (Odense 1974: 26).
25
. ‘Den gamla och den nya religionen’, by Gustaf Trotzig, in
Gutar och vikingar
, ed. Ingmar Jansson (Stockholm 1983: 361).
. ‘Den gamla och den nya religionen’, by Gustaf Trotzig, in
Gutar och vikingar
, ed. Ingmar Jansson (Stockholm 1983: 361).
26
.
Møtet mellom hedendom og kristendom i Norden
, by Fredrik Paasche, ed. Dag Strömbäck (Oslo 1958: 115).
.
Møtet mellom hedendom og kristendom i Norden
, by Fredrik Paasche, ed. Dag Strömbäck (Oslo 1958: 115).
27
. ‘The communal nature of the judicial systems in early medieval Norway’, by Alexandra Sanmark, in
Collegium Medievale
, Oslo 2006, pp. 31-64.
. ‘The communal nature of the judicial systems in early medieval Norway’, by Alexandra Sanmark, in
Collegium Medievale
, Oslo 2006, pp. 31-64.
29
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 11).
.
Heimskringla, or The Lives of the Norse Kings
, by Snorri Sturluson, ed. with notes by Erling Monsen, trans. with the assistance of A. H. Smith (New York 1990: 11).
32
. ‘The
Historia Norwegie
as a shamanic source’, by Clive Tolley. Online resource at
http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/tolley.htm
(accessed 11.11.2007).
. ‘The
Historia Norwegie
as a shamanic source’, by Clive Tolley. Online resource at
http://www.dur.ac.uk/medieval.www/sagaconf/tolley.htm
(accessed 11.11.2007).
33
. ‘Oseberg-dronningen: hvem var hun?’ by Anne Stine Ingstad, in
Osebergdronningens grav, Vår arkeologiske nasjonalskatt i nytt lys
, ed. Arne Emil Christensen, Anne Stine Ingstad and Bjørn Myhre (Oslo 1992). See also ‘Viking-Age Sorcery’ by Neil Price, in
Viking Heritage
, nos. 3/2004 and 4/2004.
. ‘Oseberg-dronningen: hvem var hun?’ by Anne Stine Ingstad, in
Osebergdronningens grav, Vår arkeologiske nasjonalskatt i nytt lys
, ed. Arne Emil Christensen, Anne Stine Ingstad and Bjørn Myhre (Oslo 1992). See also ‘Viking-Age Sorcery’ by Neil Price, in
Viking Heritage
, nos. 3/2004 and 4/2004.
39
. ibid., p. 158.
. ibid., p. 158.
40
.
The Topography of Ireland
, by Giraldus Cambrensis, trans. Thomas Forester, rev. and ed. with additional notes by Thomas Wright, ch. XXVI.
.
The Topography of Ireland
, by Giraldus Cambrensis, trans. Thomas Forester, rev. and ed. with additional notes by Thomas Wright, ch. XXVI.
42
. ibid., p. 7
. ibid., p. 7
45
. ‘Osebergskipets gåte løst’, by Cato Guhnfeldt, in
Aftenposten
, 1 March 2009. The dendrochronological analyses reported on here were the work of Niels Bonde in Copenhagen and Frans-Arne Stylegar in Vest-Agder, Norway.
CHAPTER 3 THE CAUSES OF THE VIKING AGE. ‘Osebergskipets gåte løst’, by Cato Guhnfeldt, in
Aftenposten
, 1 March 2009. The dendrochronological analyses reported on here were the work of Niels Bonde in Copenhagen and Frans-Arne Stylegar in Vest-Agder, Norway.
6
.
EHD
, p. 896. The meaning of ‘blinded eyes’ is obscure. It might refer to a hairstyle, or possibly to eye make-up.
.
EHD
, p. 896. The meaning of ‘blinded eyes’ is obscure. It might refer to a hairstyle, or possibly to eye make-up.
7
. Ingeld is a character in
Beowulf
, whose father was killed by Danes; see
Beowulf
, ed. and introd. Michael Swanton (Manchester 1978: 132-3).
. Ingeld is a character in
Beowulf
, whose father was killed by Danes; see
Beowulf
, ed. and introd. Michael Swanton (Manchester 1978: 132-3).
8
.
The Agricola and Germania
by Tacitus, trans. A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb (London 1877). Internet resource from ORB: Internet Medieval Sourcebook at
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus1.html
(accessed 02.07.2004).
.
The Agricola and Germania
by Tacitus, trans. A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb (London 1877). Internet resource from ORB: Internet Medieval Sourcebook at
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus1.html
(accessed 02.07.2004).
10
.
Karmøys historie - som det stiger frem fra istid til 1050
, by Per Hernæs (Stavanger 1997: 201). See also ‘The archaeology of the Early Viking Age in Norway’, by Bjørn Myhre, in
Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age
, ed. H. B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh and Ragnhall Ó Floinn (Dublin 1998: 3-36).
.
Karmøys historie - som det stiger frem fra istid til 1050
, by Per Hernæs (Stavanger 1997: 201). See also ‘The archaeology of the Early Viking Age in Norway’, by Bjørn Myhre, in
Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age
, ed. H. B. Clarke, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh and Ragnhall Ó Floinn (Dublin 1998: 3-36).
11
.
Namn og gard. Studium av busetnadsnamn på - land
, by Inge Særheim, Ph.D thesis, University of Bergen, 2000.
.
Namn og gard. Studium av busetnadsnamn på - land
, by Inge Særheim, Ph.D thesis, University of Bergen, 2000.
13
. The most fully argued presentation of this point of view is in
Kampen om Nordvegen
, by Torgrim Titlestad (Bergen 1996).
. The most fully argued presentation of this point of view is in
Kampen om Nordvegen
, by Torgrim Titlestad (Bergen 1996).
14
.
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals
and Nithard’s
Histories
, trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers (Michigan 1972: 51).
.
Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals
and Nithard’s
Histories
, trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers (Michigan 1972: 51).
16
.
The Life of Lebuin
. Internet resource at
Medieval Sourcebook
,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lebuin.html
.
.
The Life of Lebuin
. Internet resource at
Medieval Sourcebook
,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/lebuin.html
.
18
.
Two Lives of Charlemagne
, by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, trans. and introd. Lewis Thorpe (London 1969: 63).
.
Two Lives of Charlemagne
, by Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, trans. and introd. Lewis Thorpe (London 1969: 63).
19
. ‘Capitulary’ was the term used for all legislative and administrative decrees issued by the Frankish court in the time of Charlemagne.
. ‘Capitulary’ was the term used for all legislative and administrative decrees issued by the Frankish court in the time of Charlemagne.
20
. ‘Violence against Christians? The Vikings and the Church in ninth-century England’, by Sara Foot, in
Medieval History
, vol.1, no. 3 (1991: 12).
. ‘Violence against Christians? The Vikings and the Church in ninth-century England’, by Sara Foot, in
Medieval History
, vol.1, no. 3 (1991: 12).
24
.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, by Edward Gibbon, chapter XLIX. Internet resource at
http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/index.htm
(accessed 2.11.2007).
.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
, by Edward Gibbon, chapter XLIX. Internet resource at
http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/index.htm
(accessed 2.11.2007).
25
.
The Outline of History: Being a plain history of life and mankind
by H. G. Wells et al. (New York 1920: Part II, 32.4).
.
The Outline of History: Being a plain history of life and mankind
by H. G. Wells et al. (New York 1920: Part II, 32.4).
26
. Musset’s views are summarized in ‘The Vikings in Frankia’, in
Early Medieval History
, by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (Oxford 1975: 223).
. Musset’s views are summarized in ‘The Vikings in Frankia’, in
Early Medieval History
, by J. M. Wallace-Hadrill (Oxford 1975: 223).
28
.
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
, by Bede, trans. Leo Shirley-Price, revised by R. E. Latham (London 1990: 278).
.
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
, by Bede, trans. Leo Shirley-Price, revised by R. E. Latham (London 1990: 278).
30
. See
Decolonizing the Viking Age 1
, by Fredrik Svanberg (Lund 2003), for a particularly articulate account of the viewpoint expressed here.
. See
Decolonizing the Viking Age 1
, by Fredrik Svanberg (Lund 2003), for a particularly articulate account of the viewpoint expressed here.
31
. ‘Roskipet som maktsymbol’, by Bjørn Myhre, in
Borreminne 1996
, p. 5, Arkeologisk museum i Stavanger. Internet resource at
http://borreminne. hive.no/aargangene/1996/03-roskipet.htm
(accessed 12.11.2007).
. ‘Roskipet som maktsymbol’, by Bjørn Myhre, in
Borreminne 1996
, p. 5, Arkeologisk museum i Stavanger. Internet resource at
http://borreminne. hive.no/aargangene/1996/03-roskipet.htm
(accessed 12.11.2007).
32
. ‘The beginning of the Viking Age - some current archæological problems’, by Bjørn Myhre, in
Viking Revaluations
, ed. Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins (London 1993: 182-199).
. ‘The beginning of the Viking Age - some current archæological problems’, by Bjørn Myhre, in
Viking Revaluations
, ed. Anthony Faulkes and Richard Perkins (London 1993: 182-199).
33
. ‘Myten om menneskets skapelse i Voluspå - en speiling av Adam og Eva i Genesis - et hedensk motsvar til den bibelske myten - eller noe midt i mellom?’ by Gro Steinsland. Seminar lecture at Middelaldersenteret, University of Oslo, 27 May 2004.
. ‘Myten om menneskets skapelse i Voluspå - en speiling av Adam og Eva i Genesis - et hedensk motsvar til den bibelske myten - eller noe midt i mellom?’ by Gro Steinsland. Seminar lecture at Middelaldersenteret, University of Oslo, 27 May 2004.
34
. ‘På tvers av Nordsjøen - Britiske perspektiv på Skandinavernes senere jernalder’, by John Hines, in
Universitets oldsaksamling Årbok 1991-1992
(Oslo 1993: 103-24).
. ‘På tvers av Nordsjøen - Britiske perspektiv på Skandinavernes senere jernalder’, by John Hines, in
Universitets oldsaksamling Årbok 1991-1992
(Oslo 1993: 103-24).
36
. ‘Norse studies: then, now and hereafter’, by Christine Fell, in
Viking Revaluations
, op. cit., p. 94.
CHAPTER 4 ‘THE DEVASTATION OF ALL THE ISLANDS OF BRITAIN BY THE HEATHENS’. ‘Norse studies: then, now and hereafter’, by Christine Fell, in
Viking Revaluations
, op. cit., p. 94.
2
. ‘Embla: a Viking ship has been reconstructed’, by Gunilla Larsen, in
Viking Heritage
, 4 (1998: 1-4).
. ‘Embla: a Viking ship has been reconstructed’, by Gunilla Larsen, in
Viking Heritage
, 4 (1998: 1-4).
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