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55
PAH to GH, June 4, 1885, Bancroft Papers.
PAH to GH, June 4, 1885, Bancroft Papers.
56
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
57
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
58
Ibid.
Ibid.
59
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
60
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
61
John Tebbel,
The Life and Good Times of William Randolph Hearst
(New York: EP. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1952), 95.
John Tebbel,
The Life and Good Times of William Randolph Hearst
(New York: EP. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1952), 95.
62
Nasaw, op. cit., 54; Coblentz, op. cit., 30-31; “Walks and Talks,” by Carlos, undated clipping, Bancroft Papers.
Nasaw, op. cit., 54; Coblentz, op. cit., 30-31; “Walks and Talks,” by Carlos, undated clipping, Bancroft Papers.
63
W.A. Swanberg,
Citizen Hearst
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 37.
W.A. Swanberg,
Citizen Hearst
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1961), 37.
64
Tebbel, op. cit., 95.
Tebbel, op. cit., 95.
65
Swanberg, op. cit., 43.
Swanberg, op. cit., 43.
66
George P. West, “Hearst: A Psychological Note,”
American Mercury,
November 1930.
George P. West, “Hearst: A Psychological Note,”
American Mercury,
November 1930.
67
Robinson, op. cit., 225.
Robinson, op. cit., 225.
68
Ben Procter,
William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1862-1910
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 62-63.
Ben Procter,
William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1862-1910
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 62-63.
69
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
70
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
71
WRH to GH, 1887, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, 1887, Bancroft Papers.
72
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
73
Robinson, op. cit., 216.
Robinson, op. cit., 216.
74
Ibid.
Ibid.
75
WRH to PAH, August 17, 1891, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, August 17, 1891, Bancroft Papers.
76
Robinson, op. cit., 244.
Robinson, op. cit., 244.
77
WRH to PAH, 1892, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, 1892, Bancroft Papers.
78
Ibid.
Ibid.
79
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
80
Robinson, op. cit., 244-245.
Robinson, op. cit., 244-245.
81
Ibid., 243-244.
Ibid., 243-244.
82
Ibid., 256.
Ibid., 256.
83
Ibid., 203-210.
Ibid., 203-210.
84
“Interview with Mrs. Joseph Marshall Flint,” January 18, 1960, W. A. Swanberg Papers, Columbia University; hereafter cited as Swanberg Papers; see also “Interview with Mrs. Fremont Older,” October 18, 1959, Swanberg Papers.
“Interview with Mrs. Joseph Marshall Flint,” January 18, 1960, W. A. Swanberg Papers, Columbia University; hereafter cited as Swanberg Papers; see also “Interview with Mrs. Fremont Older,” October 18, 1959, Swanberg Papers.
85
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
86
WRH to PAH, 1889, WRH collection, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, 1889, WRH collection, Bancroft Papers.
87
PAH to GH, September 28, 1889, PAH papers, Bancroft Papers.
PAH to GH, September 28, 1889, PAH papers, Bancroft Papers.
88
“Interview with Mrs. Fremont Older,” October 18, 1959, Swanberg Papers.
“Interview with Mrs. Fremont Older,” October 18, 1959, Swanberg Papers.
89
“Interview with Mrs. Joseph Marshall Flint,” January 18, 1960, Swanberg Papers.
“Interview with Mrs. Joseph Marshall Flint,” January 18, 1960, Swanberg Papers.
90
Robinson, op. cit., 245.
Robinson, op. cit., 245.
91
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
92
Nasaw, op. cit., 92.
Nasaw, op. cit., 92.
93
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 68.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 68.
94
WRH to GH, 1889, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to GH, 1889, Bancroft Papers.
95
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, undated, Bancroft Papers.
96
Ibid.
Ibid.
97
WRH to PAH, November 1894, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, November 1894, Bancroft Papers.
98
Louis Pizzitola,
Hearst over Hollywood: Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 26-27.
Louis Pizzitola,
Hearst over Hollywood: Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 26-27.
99
Robinson, op. cit., 255.
Robinson, op. cit., 255.
100
WRH to PAH, January 16, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
WRH to PAH, January 16, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
101
Edward Clark to PAH, August 1, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
Edward Clark to PAH, August 1, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
102
PAH to Irwin Stump, undated, Bancroft Papers.
PAH to Irwin Stump, undated, Bancroft Papers.
103
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 18, 22, 29, 1895, Bancroft Papers; Irwin Stump Correspondence, undated, PAH papers, Bancroft Papers.
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 18, 22, 29, 1895, Bancroft Papers; Irwin Stump Correspondence, undated, PAH papers, Bancroft Papers.
104
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 18, 1895, Bancroft Papers; Robinson, op. cit., 254; H.B. Parsons to PAH, July 3, 1896, Bancroft Papers.
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 18, 1895, Bancroft Papers; Robinson, op. cit., 254; H.B. Parsons to PAH, July 3, 1896, Bancroft Papers.
105
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 29, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 29, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
1
Henry Kellett Chambers, “A Park Row Interlude: Memoir of Albert Pulitzer,”
Journalism Quarterly,
539-547.
Henry Kellett Chambers, “A Park Row Interlude: Memoir of Albert Pulitzer,”
Journalism Quarterly,
539-547.
2
New York Times,
May 8, 1895, October 5, 1909.
New York Times,
May 8, 1895, October 5, 1909.
3
Washington Post,
May 8, 1895, May 12, 1895.
Washington Post,
May 8, 1895, May 12, 1895.
4
Mark Lipper, “John R. McLean,”
Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900,
vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 216.
Mark Lipper, “John R. McLean,”
Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900,
vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 216.
5
The Fourth Estate,
September 5, 1895; see also
The Newspaper Maker,
September 5, 1895.
The Fourth Estate,
September 5, 1895; see also
The Newspaper Maker,
September 5, 1895.
6
Printers’ Ink,
June 27, 1894, 793.
Printers’ Ink,
June 27, 1894, 793.
7
All circulation claims were unaudited and unreliable. In 1895, no less than five papers advertised themselves as the best-selling daily in New York.
Printers’ Ink
did its best to analyze circulation data and rank the contenders but it acknowledged a large margin of error. Even those papers that got notarized statements of their circulation—for instance, Pulitzer’s
World
—could still misreport their sales by 19%. Ted Curtis Smythe,
The Gilded Age Press, 1865-1900
(Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 87.
All circulation claims were unaudited and unreliable. In 1895, no less than five papers advertised themselves as the best-selling daily in New York.
Printers’ Ink
did its best to analyze circulation data and rank the contenders but it acknowledged a large margin of error. Even those papers that got notarized statements of their circulation—for instance, Pulitzer’s
World
—could still misreport their sales by 19%. Ted Curtis Smythe,
The Gilded Age Press, 1865-1900
(Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 87.
8
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 18, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
Irwin Stump to PAH, September 18, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
9
Irwin Stump to PAH, October 3, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
Irwin Stump to PAH, October 3, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
10
Sidney Kobre,
The Yellow Press and Gilded Age Journalism
(Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1964), 102.
Sidney Kobre,
The Yellow Press and Gilded Age Journalism
(Tallahassee: Florida State University, 1964), 102.
11
Ibid., 109.
Ibid., 109.
12
Sidney Kobre,
Development of American Journalism
(Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers, 1969), 401.
Sidney Kobre,
Development of American Journalism
(Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Co. Publishers, 1969), 401.
13
Ibid., 376.
Ibid., 376.
14
Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones,
The Trust
(Boston: Back Bay Books, 2000), 34-40; Kobre,
Development,
op. cit., 404.
Susan E. Tifft and Alex S. Jones,
The Trust
(Boston: Back Bay Books, 2000), 34-40; Kobre,
Development,
op. cit., 404.
15
Printers’ Ink,
December 4, 1895, 17.
Printers’ Ink,
December 4, 1895, 17.
16
Terry Hynes, “Charles A. Dana,”
Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900,
vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 72.
Terry Hynes, “Charles A. Dana,”
Dictionary of Literary Biography: American Newspaper Journalists, 1873-1900,
vol. 23 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983), 72.
17
Janet E. Steele, “
The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana
(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 78.
Janet E. Steele, “
The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana
(Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 78.
18
Allen Churchill,
Park Row
(New York: Rinehart & Co. Inc., 1958), 14.
Allen Churchill,
Park Row
(New York: Rinehart & Co. Inc., 1958), 14.
19
Smythe, op. cit., 107.
Smythe, op. cit., 107.
20
Charles A. Dana,
The Art of Newspaper Making
(New York: Arno Press, 1970), 12.
Charles A. Dana,
The Art of Newspaper Making
(New York: Arno Press, 1970), 12.
21
James Melvin Lee,
History of American Journalism
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917), 328.
James Melvin Lee,
History of American Journalism
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917), 328.
22
Kobre,
Yellow,
op. cit., 34.
Kobre,
Yellow,
op. cit., 34.
23
Louis J. Budd, “Color Him Curious about Yellow Journalism,”
Journal of Popular Culture,
15 (Fall 1981): 25-33.
Louis J. Budd, “Color Him Curious about Yellow Journalism,”
Journal of Popular Culture,
15 (Fall 1981): 25-33.
24
W. A. Swanberg,
Pulitzer
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967), 20.
W. A. Swanberg,
Pulitzer
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1967), 20.
25
Ibid., 10-11.
Ibid., 10-11.
26
Denis Brian,
Pulitzer: A Life
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001), 12.
Denis Brian,
Pulitzer: A Life
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001), 12.
27
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 12.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 12.
28
Brian, op. cit., 17.
Brian, op. cit., 17.
29
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 27.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 27.
30
Brian, op. cit., 64.
Brian, op. cit., 64.
31
“Jay Gould, Railroad Tycoon, Visits the City of Ottawa,” October 15, 1886, in the Franklin County Kansas Genealogical Society Quarterly Online.
“Jay Gould, Railroad Tycoon, Visits the City of Ottawa,” October 15, 1886, in the Franklin County Kansas Genealogical Society Quarterly Online.
32
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 136.
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 136.
33
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 70.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 70.
34
Alleyne Ireland,
Joseph Pulitzer: Reminiscences of a Secretary
(New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), 115.
Alleyne Ireland,
Joseph Pulitzer: Reminiscences of a Secretary
(New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), 115.
35
Smythe, op. cit., 123, 209.
Smythe, op. cit., 123, 209.
36
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 70.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 70.
37
Ibid., 74.
Ibid., 74.
38
Brian, op. cit., 66.
Brian, op. cit., 66.
39
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 49.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 49.
40
Ibid., 80.
Ibid., 80.
41
New York Times,
November 5, 1884.
New York Times,
November 5, 1884.
42
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 111; Thomas J. Schlereth,
Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 78.
Swanberg,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 111; Thomas J. Schlereth,
Victorian America: Transformations in Everyday Life, 1876-1915
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 78.
43
Brian, op. cit., 104.
Brian, op. cit., 104.
44
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 21.
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 21.
45
Brian, op. cit., 119.
Brian, op. cit., 119.
46
Jean Strouse,
Morgan: American Financier
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2000), 194.
Jean Strouse,
Morgan: American Financier
(New York: Harper Perennial, 2000), 194.
47
Steele, op. cit., 144.
Steele, op. cit., 144.
48
Brian, op. cit., 129.
Brian, op. cit., 129.
49
George Juergens,
Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 357.
George Juergens,
Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), 357.
50
Brian, op. cit., 130-132.
Brian, op. cit., 130-132.
51
Steele, op. cit., 149.
Steele, op. cit., 149.
52
Brian, op. cit., 152.
Brian, op. cit., 152.
53
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 180.
Seitz,
Pulitzer,
op. cit., 180.
54
Brian, op. cit., 153.
Brian, op. cit., 153.
55
Dana, op. cit., 22.
Dana, op. cit., 22.
56
Ibid., 62.
Ibid., 62.
57
Dreiser, op. cit., 608.
Dreiser, op. cit., 608.
58
Ibid., 545, 608, 609, 619.
Ibid., 545, 608, 609, 619.
1
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 80-81.
Swanberg,
Hearst,
op. cit., 80-81.
2
Nasaw, op. cit., 102.
Nasaw, op. cit., 102.
3
Printers’ Ink,
June 27, 1894.
Printers’ Ink,
June 27, 1894.
4
W.T. Stead,
Satan’s Invisible World Displayed
(New York: R.F. Fenno & Co., 1897), 22.
W.T. Stead,
Satan’s Invisible World Displayed
(New York: R.F. Fenno & Co., 1897), 22.
5
Smythe, op. cit.,130.
Smythe, op. cit.,130.
6
O’Connor,
The Scandalous Mr. Bennett,
op. cit., chapter 9.
O’Connor,
The Scandalous Mr. Bennett,
op. cit., chapter 9.
7
New York Times,
September 30, 2004; Willis J. Abbot,
Watching the World Go By
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1934), chapters 3-5.
New York Times,
September 30, 2004; Willis J. Abbot,
Watching the World Go By
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1934), chapters 3-5.
8
Willis Abbot,
Watching the World Go By
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1934).
Willis Abbot,
Watching the World Go By
(Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1934).
9
Irwin Stump to PAH, October 8, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
Irwin Stump to PAH, October 8, 1895, Bancroft Papers.
10
The Fourth Estate,
October 17, 1895.
The Fourth Estate,
October 17, 1895.
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