The Transformation of the World (225 page)

  24
. M. C. Goldstein,
Modern Tibet
, pp. 41ff.

  25
. Asad,
Formations
, pp. 210–12, 255.

  26
. Berkes,
Secularism in Turkey
, pp. 89ff.

  27
. Hilton,
A Mad, Bad and Dangerous People?
p. 176.

  28
. Butler,
Sea of Faith
, p. 270.

  29
. See the analysis of the overall process in Casanova,
Public Religions
, pp. 134ff.

  30
. Finke and Stark,
Churching of America
, p. 114 (Tab. 4.1).

  31
. D'Agostino,
Rome in America
, p. 52.

  32
. See the European overview in C. M. Clark and Kaiser,
Culture Wars
.

  33
. Chadwick,
History of the Popes
, p. 95.

  34
. Hardacre,
Shinto
, pp. 27ff.; McClain,
Japan
, pp. 267–72.

  35
. See Wakabayashi,
Anti-Foreignism
, a translation and interpretation of the principal sources.

  36
. Chidester,
Savage Systems
, pp. 11–16.

  37
. Petermann,
Geschichte der Ethnologie
, pp. 475f.

  38
. Hösch,
Balkanländer
, p. 97.

  39
. Keith,
Speeches
, pp. 382–86.

  40
. Tarling,
Southeast Asia
, pp. 320f.; Gullick,
Malay Society
, pp. 285ff.

  41
. Bartal,
Jews of Eastern Europe
, p. 73.

  42
. Federspiel,
Sultans
, pp. 99f.

  43
. F. Robinson,
Muslim Societies
, p. 187. On the attitudes of Sufi brotherhoods to colonial rule, see Abun-Nasr,
Muslim Communities of Grace
, pp. 200–235.

  44
. Strachan points out that the Germans first developed this kind of imperial subversion as a strategy in a real world war: Strachan,
First World War
, p. 694, and, in greater detail, ch. 9.

  45
. There is no up-to-date and comprehensive history if the Christian mission. Excellent on the British point of view is Andrew Porter, “An Overview, 1700–1914,” in: Etherington,
Missions and Empire
, pp. 40–63. For original sources, see Harlow and Carter,
Archives of Empire
, vol. 2, pp. 241–364 (with an emphasis on missionary activism). Islamic missions and expansion, above all in Africa, must be left out of account here; see Hiskett,
Islam in Africa
. Missionary tendencies also developed in Buddhism (in Ceylon, for example), partly as a reaction to Christian penetration.

  46
. Tarling,
Southeast Asia
, p. 316.

  47
. Frykenberg,
Christianity in India
, p. 206.

  48
. For a succinct overview, see R. G. Tiedemann, “China and Its Neighbours,” in: Hastings,
World History of Christianity
, pp. 369–415, at 390–402.

  49
. Surveys: Kevin Ward, “Africa,” in: Hastings,
World History of Christianity
, pp. 192–237, at 203ff.; C. Marx,
Geschichte Afrikas
, pp. 90–100; Coquery-Vidrovitch,
Africa and the Africans
, pp. 207–31.

  50
. The work that set the standard in this field is a major anthropological study of South Africa: Comaroff and Comaroff,
Of Revelation and Revolution
. A. Porter,
Religion versus Empire?
is an outstanding recent account of missionary strategies, while a different view is offered in C. Hall,
Civilising Subjects
; see also Veer,
Conversion
.

  51
. Brian Stanley, “Christian Missions, Antislavery, and the Claims of Humanity, c. 1813–1873,” in: Gilley and Stanley,
Cambridge History of Christianity
, pp. 443–57, at 445.

  52
. Andrew Porter, “Missions and Empire, c. 1873–1914,” in: ibid., pp. 560–75, at 568.

  53
. See the biographies of the two mission leaders in Eber
, Jewish Bishop;
and A. J. Austin,
China's Millions
.

  54
. Peebles,
Sri Lanka
, p. 53.

  55
. Robert Eric Frykenberg, “Christian Missions and the Raj,” in: Etherington,
Missions and Empire
, pp. 107–31, at 107, 112.

  56
. K. Ward,
Global Anglicanism
.

  57
. Deringil,
Well-Protected Domains
, pp. 113, 132.

  58
. For an account of the varied religious landscape, see Voll,
Islam
, ch. 3.

  59
. A point made strongly by Ahmad S. Dallal, “The Origins and Early Development of Islamic Reform,” in: M. Cook,
New Cambridge History of Islam,
vol. 6, pp. 107–47, at 108, 111, quote at 115.

  60
. D. Cook,
Understanding Jihad
, pp. 74f.

  61
. John Obert Voll, “Foundations for Renewal and Reform: Islamic Movements in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” in: Esposito,
Oxford History of Islam
, pp. 509–47, at 523, 525.

  62
. See
chapter 10
, above.

  63
. Bigler and Bagley,
Mormon Rebellion
, p. 263.

  64
. Shipps,
Mormonism
.

  65
. See the broad overview in J. R. Bowen,
Religions in Practice
, pp. 216–28.

  66
. Reynaldo Ileto, “Religion and Anti-colonial Movements,” in: Tarling,
Cambridge History of Southeast Asia
, vol. 2, pp. 198–248, at 199ff.

  67
. Dabashi,
Shi'ism
, p. 182.

  68
. See the fascinating study of Bahaullah in J. R. Cole,
Modernity
.

  69
. Nikolaas A. Rupke, “Christianity and the Sciences,” in: Gilley and Stanley,
Cambridge History of Christianity
, pp. 164–80.

  70
. Wernick,
Auguste Comte
, is very critical. There is a concise account of the Comte reception outside Europe in Forbes,
Positivism
, esp. pp. 147–58.

  71
. Funkenstein,
Perceptions of Jewish History
, pp. 186–96.

  72
. John Rogerson, “History and the Bible,” in: Gilley and Stanley,
Cambridge History of Christianity
, pp. 181–96, at 195.

  73
. Fundamental here are Kurzman,
Modernist Islam
, esp. the editor's excellent introduction (pp. 3–27); A. Black,
Islamic Political Thought
, pp. 279–308; Hourani,
Arabic Thought
, still a classic in its field.

  74
. R. Guha,
Makers of Modern India
, pp. 53–70 (with sources).

  75
. B. D. Metcalf,
Islamic Revival
; F. Robinson,
Islam
, pp. 254–64; Pernau,
Bürger mit Turban
, pp. 219–24.

  76
. See the overview in Stietencron,
Hinduismus
, pp. 83–88; and the detailed regional accounts in K. W. Jones,
Reform Movements
, which also considers Muslim movements. On the nineteenth-century roots of today's Hindu nationalism, see Bhatt,
Hindu Nationalism
, chs. 2–3; and on the origins of the idea of “Indian spirituality,” Aravamudan,
Guru English
.

  77
. See Sharma,
Modern Hindu Thought
.

  78
. Peebles,
Sri Lanka
, pp. 74f.

  79
. On the best example of this, see Weismann,
Naqshbandiyya
.

  80
. Lüddeckens,
Weltparlament
.

  81
. Gullick,
Malay Society
, p. 299.

  82
. Boudon et al.,
Religion et culture
, pp. 39ff., 134; Chadwick,
History of the Popes
, p. 113

  83
. Chadwick,
History of the Popes
, pp. 159, 181f.

  84
. Arrington,
Brigham Young
, pp. 321ff.

  85
. This is the argument in F. Robinson,
Islam
, pp. 76f.

CONCLUSION: The Nineteenth Century in History

    1
. Ranke,
Aus Werk und Nachlaß
, vol. 4, p. 463.

    2
. Borst,
Medieval Worlds
, p. 71.

    3
. The latter is the title of an influential book by the German sociologist Hans Freyer (
Theorie des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters
, Stuttgart 1955); Freyer also published a
Weltgeschichte Europas
(1948).

    4
. There is a full translation of this important text in Philipp and Schwald,
Abd-al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt
.

    5
. There is a recent English translation: Tahtawi,
An Imam in Paris
.

    6
. Blacker,
Japanese Enlightenment
, pp. 90–100. There are English translations of some of Fukuzawa's major writings, especially Fukuzawa,
Autobiography
.

    7
. See A. Black,
Islamic Political Thought
, pp. 288–91; and Abrahamian,
Iran
, pp. 65–69. Source excerpt in Kurzman,
Modernist Islam
, pp. 111–15.

    8
. Karl Kraus (1874–1936), one of the greatest minds of his age, deserves to be better known outside the German-speaking world; see a two-volume biography by Edward Timms (1986/2005). There is a memorable portrait of Tagore in Sen,
Argumentative Indian
, pp. 89–120. Hay,
Asian Ideas
, is still a key work on his influence; see also P. Mishra,
Ruins of Empire
, pp. 216–41. For the full richness of Indian (political) thought in our period see Bayly,
Recovering Liberties
.

    9
. There are now dozens of theories of modernity: see the anthology Waters,
Modernity
. Particularly fruitful approaches for historians are the (otherwise very different) ones proposed by S. N. Eisenstadt, Anthony Giddens, Richard Münch, Alain Touraine, Johann P. Arnason, Stephen Toulmin, and Peter Wagner.

  10
. Eisenstadt's still-powerful initial statement was
Multiple Modernities
; it was later spelled out in a number of papers and lectures, see Eisenstadt,
Comparative Civilizations
; see also Eisenstadt (ed.),
Multiple Modernities
.

  11
. Numerous examples are given in G. Robb,
Discovery of France
.

  12
. Janik and Toulmin,
Wittgenstein's Vienna
; Schorske,
Fin-de-Siècle Vienna
; but see also Hamann,
Hitler's Vienna
.

  13
. Two brief syntheses are: F. J. Bauer,
Das “lange” 19. Jahrhundert
, and Langewiesche,
Neuzeit
.

  14
. Dülffer,
Im Zeichen der Gewalt
, p. 245.

  15
. Adas,
Contested Hegemony
.

  16
. A classical diagnosis for Europe, first published in Italy in 1925, is Ruggiero,
Liberalism
.

  17
. Whitehead,
Science
, p. 96.

  18
. Bendix,
Kings or People
, vol. 1, p. 12.

  19
. Rokumeikan: so called after a Tokyo government building built in 1881–83 in the Italian style by the English architect Josiah Conder. It consisted of a billiards room, a reading room, and a number of guest suites. See Seidensticker,
Low City
, pp. 68f., 97–100.

  20
. J. Fisch,
Europa
, p. 29.

  21
. This notion is often met in the literature on political theory.

  22
. F. J. Bauer,
Das “lange” 19. Jahrhundert
, p. 41–50.

  23
. Martin Greiffenhagen, “Emanzipation,” in
Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie
, Basle 1972, vol. 2, col. 447.

  24
. Croce,
History of Europe
, esp. ch. 1.

  25
. But see a pioneering study on the enormous
human
consequences of the Taiping Revolution: Meyer-Fong,
What Remains
.

  26
. On European anticolonialism, see the broad survey in Stuchtey,
Die europäische Expansion
.

  27
. Wallace,
Wonderful Century
, p. 379.

  28
. Zweig,
World of Yesterday
—still in print. The German original was published in Stockholm as
Die Welt von gestern: Erinnerungen eines Europäers
.

  29
. This emerges forcefully from a comparative study of postliberal politics in the 1920s: Plaggenborg,
Ordnung und Gewalt
; see also Nicholas Doumanis, “Europe and the Wider World,” in Gerwarth,
Twisted Paths
, pp. 355–80.

  30
. Arendt,
Totalitarianism
.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

 

 

 

 

Only the first name is given for works with more than two authors or editors, and only the first place of publication where there are several. Multiple entries for the same author are listed in chronological order. In Chinese and Japanese names the family name is put first. Italics signify shortened titles used in the notes.

Abelshauser, Werner:
Umbruch
und Persistenz. Das deutsche Produktionsregime in historischer Perspektive, in:
GG 27 (2001), pp. 503–23.

Abernethy, David B.: The Dynamics of
Global Dominance
. European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980, New Haven, CT 2000.

Abeyasekere, Susan:
Jakarta
. A History, 2
^nd
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