The Train to Crystal City: FDR's Secret Prisoner Exchange (56 page)

Fukuda’s petition about transfers to Crystal City and,
165
,
166

Harrison as commissioner of,
35
,
38
,
40
,
53
–54,
58
,
88
,
94
,
111
,
176
,
177
,
263
,
269

Harrison’s memos to employees of,
104
,
115

Harrison’s resignation from,
177
,
180
,
231
,
269

Kenedy, Texas, camp, of,
43

Kolb’s protest to,
116

Mangione as press aide in,
109
,
234

O’Rourke’s early service with,
57

O’Rourke’s reassignment to,
296
,
306
–07,
321

parole of internees and,
150
,
306

postwar release of internees by,
246
,
295

repatriation of dangerous enemy aliens and,
298
–99

Roosevelt’s investigation of Nazi and Fascist organizations by,
26

shutting down of camps operated by,
295

sponsors for Japanese Peruvians and,
369

teachers in camps and,
134
–35

train escorts provided by,
84
–85,
86
,
89
,
93
,
250
,
251

immigration laws

Chinese worker exclusion under,
176

denial of citizenship to immigrants under,
13
,
32
,
50
,
140

Harrison’s desire to humanize,
40

Harrison’s resignation from INS to protest,
269

Jewish displaced persons and,
176
–77,
230
,
271

racial discrimination and limitations under,
176
–77,
230
,
269

Internal Security Division,
174
–75

International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg,
322

International Red Cross,
80
,
93
,
108
,
122
,
137
,
166
,
195
,
208
–09,
211
,
273

internment

of American citizens,
xvii
,
24
,
33
,
137
–38,
145
,
234
,
241
,
299
–300,
310
–11

Biddle’s enforcement of laws on,
32
–33,
152
,
322

challenges to constitutionality of,
145
–46

detention and exchange policies intertwined with,
54
–55

Ennis’s justification of,
78

Hoover’s black list and,
32
,
39
,
68

lawsuits on constitutionality of,
298
,
305

possible prisoner-of-war exchanges and,
28
–29,
140

prisoner-of-war status and,
88

Quaker opposition to,
150

Roosevelt’s policies on,
23
–24,
28
–29,
77
,
149
,
320

secrecy of reasons behind,
81
–82

Supreme Court decision on,
322

voluntary internment of family members in,
84
,
87
,
184

internment camps

for families,
xv
–xvi

Eleanor Roosevelt’s visit to,
148
–49

fence sickness experienced in,
80
,
82
,
128
,
171

Fukuda’s criticism of treatment in,
153
–55,
164
–66,
305

Geneva Convention on treatment of internees in,
107
–08,
166

Harrison’s oversight of,
269

loyalty questionnaires used at,
139
–40,
150

parole of,
77
,
150
,
244
,
253
,
301
,
305
–06,
309
–10

postwar closing of,
246
–47,
295

psychological effects on internees in,
147
,
148
,
149
,
155
,
165
,
242
,
297
,
313
,
316

repatriation of internees in.
See
repatriation

teachers in camps and,
112
,
134
–35

See also specific camps

issei.
See
Japanese immigrants

Isomura, Hirota,
147
,
154

Italian immigrants,
269

arrest and internment of,
xv
,
xvii
,
5
,
8
,
32
,
34
,
43
,
62
,
77
,
87
,
311
,
322

at Crystal City,
xvii
,
38
,
41
,
44
,
105
,
178
,
295
,
316

fears of,
20
–21,
25

Roosevelt’s policies on,
22
,
23
–24,
25
,
33
,
77

Jackson, Robert H.,
48

Jacobi, Arthur,
96

Jacobs, Arthur,
325
,
344
–45

Japan

exchanges for American citizens held in,
122

repatriation of internees to.
See
repatriation

Japanese Americans (born in the United States)

Americans citizenship of,
12
,
137
–38,
251
,
289
,
293

split Japanese and American identities of,
130

Japanese immigrants (born in Japan)

arrest and internment of,
xvii
,
5
,
8
,
23
,
32
,
33
–34,
43
,
44
,
62
,
77
,
87
,
322

denial of citizenship to,
13
,
32
,
140

Eleanor Roosevelt’s support for rights of,
19
–20,
22
,
30
–31

impact of Pearl Harbor attack on,
11
,
12
,
15

life in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, and,
9
–12

in Peru.
See
Japanese Peruvians

removal from Latin America of,
xvii
,
29
,
39
–40

as subjects of suspicion,
5
,
9
,
20
,
22
–23,
25
,
85

Japanese internees, Crystal City camp,
xv
,
xvi
,
38
,
44
,
132
,
295
,
324
–25

American-born children of,
44

awareness of World War II progress among,
233
,
243
,
244

camp administration of nationalities and,
297
–98

camp store for,
108
–09,
118
–19

closure of camp and,
307

daily life for,
58

death of Roosevelt and,
234
–35

disputes between Germans and,
55

film about Crystal City and,
240
–42

loyalty questionnaires for,
139
–40

O’Rourke’s handling of problems in,
118
–20,
135
,
150
–51,
164
,
169
,
170
–74

reparations for,
320
,
325

repatriation of.
See
repatriation

school for,
58
,
111
,
112
,
120
,
134
,
136
–37,
164
,
166
,
171
–74,
234
,
244
,
245
–46,
299

self-rule election of spokesman by,
94

soldiers drawn from,
140
–41

Spain as protecting power for,
154
–55,
169
,
171
,
299

tofu production dispute and,
118
–20

Japanese Peruvians

arrests and internment of,
xvii
,
29
,
38
,
29

in Crystal City,
96
,
136
,
179
,
245
,
253
,
260
,
305
–06,
307
,
309
,
320
,
357

drowning of two girls and,
178
–80,
233
,
317

exchanges of,
124
–25,
320

Mochizuki’s experience as,
xvii
–xviii,
245
–46,
253
,
254
–55,
260
,
320
,
357

reparations for,
320

repatriation to Japan of,
250
,
251
,
252
,
253
,
260
,
261
–62,
305

sponsorship of, to San Francisco,
309
–10

Japanese School, Crystal City camp, Texas,
58
,
111
,
112
,
120
,
134
,
136
–37,
164
,
166
,
171
–74,
234
,
244
,
245
–46,
299

Jewish displaced persons

Eisenhower’s views on,
272
–73

Eleanor Roosevelt’s support for,
323

exchange to America of,
209
–10,
211
,
227
–28,
231
–32,
266

German anti-Semitism against,
228

Harrisons’ sheltering of,
47
,
176

Harrison’s support for US acceptance of,
176
,
231
,
265
–71,
273

Philippeville camp for,
223
–27,
229
,
271
,
274
,
284

President Roosevelt’s immigration policies and,
177
,
229
–31,
264
,
269

proposed resettlement in Palestine and,
267
,
270
–71,
284
,
321

Jews in Crystal City

conflicts between German Nazi internees and,
81

fears of being exchanged to Germany,
81

Kolb’s protest about,
116

from Latin America,
80
–81,
96

Jews in Germany

American knowledge of situation of,
264
–65

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp and,
197
–202,
207
–08,
264
,
329

German anti-Semitism against,
75

liberation of concentration camps and,
266
–68

Nazi policies on internment of,
xv
,
48
,
191
,
197
–99,
202
–09,
230
,
231
,
242
–43,
264
,
270
,
271

value as exchange Jews,
197
,
198
–99

Jews in United States

anti-Semitism against,
75
,
99
,
177

Kuhn’s extortion plan against Rubinstein,
98
–99

support for Jewish displaced persons among,
230
,
265

Justice Department,
38
,
47
,
76
,
84
,
98
,
113
,
114
,
154
,
156
,
176
,
298
,
301
,
320

Kalinowsky, Ingo,
80

Kanagawa Civil Internment Camp, Japan,
166

Kanogawa, Reo,
130
,
131

Kanogawa, Sei,
126

Kanogawa, Sho,
171
–72

Kanogawa, Shoji,
126
,
130
,
131
,
172
,
238

Kanogawa, Yae

Ellis Island stay of,
126
,
127

end of World War II and,
247

Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombing and,
245

junior-senior prom and,
171
–72,
173
–74

train trip to Crystal City by,
127
,
130
,
131
,
132

Kaplan, Hugo,
226
,
284
,
286
–87

Kaplan, Lottie,
287

Kaplan, Rose,
226
,
284
,
286
–87

Kaunitz displaced-persons camp, Germany,
268

Kawaguchi, Harry,
244

Kawate, Bunjiro,
161

Kellogg, Paul U.,
52

Kelly, Willard F.,
40
,
41
,
165
–66

Kenedy, Texas, internment camp,
43
,
44
–45,
87
–88

Kesserlring, Millie,
238
–39

Kobata, Shiro,
147
,
154

Kolb, Karl,
95
,
114
,
116
,
118

Kondo, Ben,
162

Konko Church, San Francisco,
158
,
159
,
160
,
162
,
164
,
309
,
310
,
320