The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (124 page)

34
Budman and Gurman,
Theory and Practice of Brief Therapy
.

35
J. Mann and R. Goldman,
A Casebook in Time-limited Psychotherapy
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1987).

36
Budman and Gurman,
Theory and Practice of Brief Therapy
.

37
Wilfley et al.,
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Group.

38
In an HMO setting, Budman employs the pregroup individual session primarily for screening and reframing the patient’s problems to facilitate the client’s working in a brief time frame. Much of the group preparation is held in a large-group (approximately twelve patients) ninety-minute workshop that is both didactic and experiential. This preparatory model has also proved highly effective in reducing dropouts. (Budman and Gurman,
Theory and Practice
.)

39
K. MacKenzie, “Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy.” K. MacKenzie,
Time-Managed Group Psychotherapy.
K. MacKenzie and A. Grabovac, “Interpersonal Psychotherapy Group (IPT-G) for Depression,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
10 (2001): 46–51. S. Budman, P. Simeone, R. Reilly, and A. Demby, “Progress in Short-Term and Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy: Evidence and Implications,” in
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy,
ed. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame (New York: Wiley, 1994): 319–39.

40
M. Esplen et al., “A Supportive-Expressive Group Intervention for Women with a Family History of Breast Cancer: Results of a Phase II Study,”
Psycho-Oncology
9 (2000): 243–52.

41
J. Hardy and C. Lewis, “Bridging the Gap Between Long- and Short-Term Therapy: A Viable Model,”
Group
16 (1992): 5–17.

42
W. McDermut, I. Miller, and R. Brown, “The Efficacy of Group Psychotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis and a Review of Empirical Research,”
Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
8 (2001): 98–104.

43
MacKenzie and Grabovac, “Interpersonal Psychotherapy Group.” A. Ravindran et al., “Treatment of Primary Dysthymia with Group Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy: Clinical Symptoms and Functional Impairments,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
156 (1999): 1608–17.

44
W. Piper, M. McCallum, and A. Hassan,
Adaptation to Loss Through Short-Term Group Psychotherapy
(New York: Guilford Press, 1992).

45
W. Piper, M. McCallum, A. Joyce, J. Rosie, and J. Ogrodniczuk, “Patient Personality and Time-Limited Group Psychotherapy for Complicated Grief,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 525–52.

46
E. Marziali and H. Munroe-Blum,
Interpersonal Group Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder
(New York: Basic Books, 1994).

47
A. Sherman et al., “Group Interventions for Patients with Cancer and HIV Disease, Part I: Effects on Psychosocial and Functional Outcomes at Different Phases of Illness,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
54 (2004): 29–82.

48
W. Piper, E. Debbane, J. Bienvenue, and J. Garant, “A Comparative Study of Four Forms of Psychotherapy,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
52 (1984): 268–79.

49
S. Budman et al., “Comparative Outcome in Time-Limited Individual and Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
38 (1988): 63–86.

50
M. Koss and J. Shiang, “Research in Brief Psychotherapy,” in
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change: An Empirical Analysis,
4th ed., ed. S. Garfield and A. Bergin (New York: Wiley, 1994): 664–700.

51
I. Elkin, “Perspectives on the NIMH Collaborative Treatment of Depression Study,” presented at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, April 1995.

52
. Fulkerson, D. Hawkins, and A. Alden, “Psychotherapy Groups of Insufficient Size,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
31 (1981): 73–81.

53
J. White and M. Keenan, “Stress Control: A Pilot Study of Large Group Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder,”
Behavioral Psychotherapy
18 (1990): 143–46.

54
T. Oei, M. Llamas, and L. Evans, “Does Concurrent Drug Intake Affect the Long-Term Outlook of Group Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Panic Disorder with or Without Agoraphobia?”
Behavior Research and Therapy
35 (1997): 851–57.

55
A. Cunningham, C. Edmonds, and D. Williams, “Delivering a Very Brief Psychoeducational Program to Cancer Patients and Family Members in a Large Group Format,”
Psycho-Oncology
8 (1999): 177–82.

56
A. Cunningham, “Adjuvant Psychological Therapy for Cancer Patients: Putting It on the Same Footing as Adjunctive Medical Therapies,”
Psycho-Oncology
9 (2000): 367–71.

57
G. Castore, “Number of Verbal Interrelationships as a Determinant of Group Size,”
Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology
64 (1962): 456–57.

58
A. Hare,
Handbook of Small Group Research
(New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1962), 224–45.

59
L. Carter et al., “The Behavior of Leaders and Other Group Members,”
Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology
46 (1958): 256–60.

60
A. Marc, ”A Study of Interaction and Consensus in Different Sized Groups,”
American Social Review
17 (1952): 261–67.

61
Y. Slocum, “A Survey of Expectations About Group Therapy Among Clinical and Nonclinical Populations,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
37 (1987): 39–54.

62
M. Bowden, “Anti-Group Attitudes and Assessment for Psychotherapy,”
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
16 (2002): 246–58. M. Nitsun, “The Future of the Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 455–72.

63
M. Bowden, ibid.

64
H. Bernard, “Patterns and Determinants of Attitudes of Psychiatric Residents Toward Group Therapy,”
Group
15 (1991): 131–40.

65
S. Sue, “In Search of Cultural Competence in Psychotherapy Counseling,”
American Psychologist
53 (1998): 440–48. M. LaRoche and A. Maxie, “Ten Considerations in Addressing Cultural Differences in Psychotherapy,”
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
34 (2003): 180–86.

66
B. Meyer, J. Krupnick, S. Simmens, P. Pilkonis, M. Egan, and S. Sotsky, “Treatment Expectancies, Patient Alliance, and Outcome: Further Analysis from the NIMH Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
70 (2002): 1051–55. C. Carver and M. Schriver,
On the Self-Regulation of Bulimia
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

67
M. Connolly Gibbon, P. Crits-Christoph, C. de la Cruz, J. Barber, L. Siqueland, and M. Gladis, “Pretreatment Expectations, Interpersonal Functioning, and Symptoms in the Prediction of the Therapeutic Alliance Across Supportive-Expressive Psychotherapy and Cognitive Therapy,”
Psychotherapy Research
13 (2003): 59–76.

68
H. Roback, R. Moor, F. Bloch, and M. Shelton, “Confidentiality in Group Psychotherapy: Empirical Finds and the Law,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 117–35. H. Roback, E. Ochoa, F. Bloch, and S. Purdon, “Guarding Confidentiality in Clinical Groups: The Therapist’s Dilemma,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
42 (1992): 426–31.

69
J. Beahrs and T. Gutheil, “Informed Consent in Psychotherapy,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
158 (2001): 4–10.

70
R. Crandall, “The Assimilation of Newcomers into Groups,”
Small Group Behavior
9 (1978): 331–36.

71
E. Gauron and E. Rawlings, “A Procedure for Orienting New Members to Group Psychotherapy,”
Small Group Behavior
6 (1975): 293–307.

72
W. Piper, “Pretraining for Group Psychotherapy: A Cognitive-Experiential Approach,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
36 (1979): 1250–56. W. Piper et al., “Preparation of Patients: A Study of Group Pretraining for Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
32 (1982): 309–25. S. Budman et al., “Experiential Pre-Group Preparation and Screening,”
Group
5 (1981): 19–26.

73
S. Budman et al., “Experiential Pre-group Preparation and Screening,”
Group
5 (1981): 19–26. S. Budman, S. Cooley, A. Demby, G. Koppenaal, J. Koslof, and T. Powers, “A Model of Time-Effective Group Psychotherapy for Patients with Personality Disorders,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
46 (1996): 315–24.

74
J. Connelly and W. Piper, “An Analysis of Pretraining Work Behavior as a Composition Variable in Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
39 (1989): 173–89.

75
R. Kadden, M. Litt, N. Cooney, and D. Busher, “Relationship Between Role-Play Measures of Coping Skills and Alcoholism Treatment Outcome,”
Addiction Behavior
17 (1992): 425–37.

76
W. Piper et al., “Preparation of Patients: A Study of Group Pretraining for Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
32 (1982): 309–25.

77
J. Prochaska, C. DiClemente, and J. Norcross, “In Search of How People Change: Applications to Addictive Behaviors,”
American Psychologist
47 (1992): 1102–14.

78
R. Feld, D. Woodside, A. Kaplan, M. Olmstead, and J. Carter, “Pre-Treatment Motivational Enhancement Therapy for Eating Disorders: A Pilot Study,”
International Journal of Eating Disorders
29 (2001): 393–400. G. O’Reilly, T. Morrison, D. Sheerin, A. Carr, “A Group-Based Module for Adolescents to Improve Motivation to Change Sexually Abusive Behavior,”
Child Abuse Review
10 (2001): 150–69. W. Miller and S. Rollnick,
Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behavior
(New York: Guilford Press, 2002).

79
I. Yalom et al., “Preparation of Patients for Group Therapy,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
17 (1967): 416–27.

80
The interaction of the groups was measured by scoring each statement during the meeting on the a sixteen-cell matrix (W. Hill,
HIM: Hill Interaction Matrix
[Los Angeles: Youth Study Center, University of Southern California, 1965]). Scoring was performed by a team of raters naive to the experimental design. Faith in therapy was tested by postgroup patient-administered questionnaires.

81
D. Meadow, “Preparation of Individuals for Participation in a Treatment Group: Development and Empirical Testing of a Model,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
38 (1988): 367–85. R. Bednar and T. Kaul, “Experiential Group Research: Can the Canon Fire?” in
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change: An Empirical Analysis,
4th ed., ed. S. Garfield and A. Bergin (New York: Wiley, 1994): 631–63. G. Burlingame, A. Fuhriman, and J. Mosier, “The Differential Effectiveness of Group Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analytic Perspective,”
Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice
7 (2003): 3–12.

82
M. Wogan et al., “Influencing Interaction and Outcomes in Group Psychotherapy,”
Small Group Behavior
8 (1977): 25–46.

83
W. Piper and E. Perrault, “Pretherapy Training for Group Members,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
39 (1989): 17–34. Piper et al., “Preparation of Patients.” W. Piper and J. Ogrodniczuk, “Pregroup Training,” in
Praxis der Gruppenpsychotherapie,
ed. V. Tschuschke (Frankfurt: Thieme, 2001): 74–78. Connelly and Piper, “An Analysis of Pretraining Work Behavior.” S. Budman and M. Bennet, “Short-Term Group Psychotherapy,” in
Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy,
2nd ed., ed. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1983), 138–44. D. France and J. Dugo, “Pretherapy Orientation as Preparation for Open Psychotherapy Groups,”
Psychotherapy
22 (1985): 256–61.

84
J. Heitler, “Clinical Impressions of an Experimental Attempt to Prepare Lower-Class Patients for Expressive Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
29 (1974): 308–22. K. Palmer, R. Baker, and T. Miker, “The Effects of Pretraining on Group Psychotherapy for Incest-Related Issues,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 71–89.

85
W. Piper and J. Ogrodniczuk, “Pregroup Training.”

86
E. Werth, “A Comparison of Pretraining Models for Encounter Group Therapy,”
Dissertation Abstracts
40 (1979).

87
G. Silver, “Systematic Presentation of Pre-therapy Information in Group Psychotherapy: Its Relationship to Attitude and Behavioral Change,”
Dissertation Abstracts
(1976): 4481-B.

88
Piper et al., “Preparation of Patients.” L. Annis and D. Perry, “Self-Disclosure in Unsupervised Groups: Effects of Videotaped Models,”
Small Group Behavior
9 (1978): 102–8. J. Samuel, “The Individual and Comparative Effects of a Pre-group Preparation Upon Two Different Therapy Groups,”
Dissertation Abstracts International
41 (1980): 1919-B. S. Barnett, “The Effect of Preparatory Training in Communication Skills on Group Therapy with Lower Socioeconomic Class Alcoholics,”
Dissertation Abstracts International
41 (1981): 2744-B.

89
Barnett, ibid. P. Pilkonis et al, “Training Complex Social Skills for Use in a Psychotherapy Group: A Case Study,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
30 (1980): 347–56.