The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (119 page)

5. The maintenance stage (consolidating gains and preventing regression or relapse)

J. Prochaska, C. DiClemente, and J. Norcross, “In Search of How People Change: Applications to Addictive Behaviors,”
American Psychologist
47 (1992): 1102–14. R. Feld, D. Woodside, A. Kaplan, M. Olmstead, J. Carter, “Pre-treatment of Motivational Enhancement Therapy for Eating Disorders,”
International Journal of Eating Disorders
29 (2001): 393–400. W. Miller and S. Rollnick
, Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People To Change Addictive Behavior
(New York: Guilford Press, 2002).

28
T. Aquinas, quoted in P. Edwards, ed.,
The Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
vol. 7 (New York: Free Press, 1967), 112.

29
Keep in mind that explanatory systems benefit therapists as well as clients: It provides therapists with focus, stability, confidence and tenacity. B. Wampold,
The Great Psychotherapy Debate: Models, Methods and Findings
(Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 2001). G. Burlingame, K. MacKenzie, and B. Strauss, “Small-Group Treatment: Evidence for Effectiveness and Mechanisms of Change,” in
Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
, 5th ed., ed. M. Lambert (New York: Wiley and Sons, 2004), 647–96.

30
J. Frank and J. Frank,
Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy,
3rd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 21–51.

31
D. Spence,
Narrative Truth and Historical Truth
(New York: Norton, 1982).

32
Sandra Blakeslee, “Brain-Updating Machinery May Explain False Memories,”
New York Times,
September 19, 2000.

33
See Dies, “Models of Group Therapy.”

34
B. Slife and J. Lanyon, “Accounting for the Power of the Here and Now: A Theoretical Revolution,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
35 (1991): 225–38.

35
J. S. Rutan and W. M. Stone
, Psychodynamic Group Psychotherapy
, 3rd ed. (New York: Guilford Press, 2001).

36
J. Lichtenberg, F. Lachmann, and J. Fossaghe,
Self and Motivational Systems
(Hillsdale, N.J.: Analytic Press, 1992). J. Sandler and A. Sandler, “The Past Unconscious, the Present Unconscious, and Interpretation of Transference,”
Psychoanalytic Inquiry
4 (1984): 367–99.

37
Frank and Frank,
Persuasion and Healing.

38
J. Weiss,
How Psychotherapy Works: Process and Technique
(New York: Guilford Press, 1993).

39
C. Rycroft,
Psychoanalysis Observed
(London: Constable, 1966), 18.

40
W. Bion,
Experiences in Groups and Other Papers
(New York: Basic Books, 1959). For more information about Bion’s contributions, see an earler edition of this text or go to my Web site,
www.yalom.com
.

41
M. Nitsun, “The Future of the Group,”
International Journal of Group Therapy
50 (2000): 455-472.

42
M. Klein, cited in J. Strachey, “The Nature of the Therapeutic Action of Psychoanalysis,”
International Journal of Psychoanalysis
15 (1934): 127–59.

CHAPTER 7

1
J. Breuer and S. Freud,
Studies on Hysteria
, in S. Freud,
The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud
[hereafter
Standard Edition
], vol. 2 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955): 253–305.

2
S. Freud,
Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis,
in
Standard Edition,
vol. 11 (London: Hogarth Press, 1957): 3–62.

3
In contemporary psychotherapy the client’s schema describes the core beliefs the client holds about both himself and his relationship with his interpersonal world, along with the interpersonal behaviors that arise from these beliefs and cognitions. The schema also encompasses the client’s usual way of perceiving his environment and processing information. See J. Safran and Z. Segal,
Interpersonal Process in Cognitive Therapy
(New York: Basic Books, 1990).

4
N. Miller, L. Luborsky, J. Barber, and J. Docherty,
Psychodynamic Treatment Research
(New York: Basic Books, 1993).

5
J. Marmor, “The Future of Psychoanalytic Therapy,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
130 (1973): 1197–1202.

6
S. Mitchell,
Hope and Dread in Psychoanalysis
(New York: Basic Books, 1993), 25.

7
V. Schermer, “Contributions of Object Relations Theory and Self Psychology to Relational Psychology and Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 199–212. F. Wright, “The Use of Self in Group Leadership: A Relational Perspective,
” International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 181–98. F. Wright, “Introduction to the Special Section on Contemporary Theoretical Developments and the Implications for Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 445–48.

8
P. Cohen, “The Practice of Modern Group Psychotherapy: Working with Past Trauma in the Present,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 489–503.

9
M. Khan, “Outrageous, Complaining, and Authenticity,”
Contemporary Psychoanalysis
22 (1986): 629–50.

10
O. Kernberg, “Love in the Analytic Setting,”
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
42 (1994): 1137–58.

11
R. Greenson,
The Technique and Practice of Psychoanalysis
(New York: International Universities Press, 1967).

12
A. Cooper, cited in G. Gabbard,
Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
(Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1987).

13
M. West and J. Livesley, “Therapist Transparency and the Frame for Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Psychoanalysis
36 (1986): 5–20.

14
L. Horwitz, “Discussion of ‘Group as a Whole’,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
45 (1995): 143–48.

15
H. Durkin and H. Glatzer, “Transference Neurosis in Group Psychotherapy: The Concept and the Reality,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 183–99. Reprinted from: H. Durkin and H. Glatzer, “Transference Neurosis in Group Psychotherapy: The Concept and the Reality,” in
Group Therapy 1973: An Overview,
ed. L. Wolberg and E. Schwartz (New York: Intercontinental Book Corp., 1973). P. Kauff, “Transference and Regression in and Beyond Analytic Group Psychotherapy: Revisiting Some Timeless Thoughts,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
47 (1997): 201–10
.

16
S. Freud,
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego,
in
Standard Edition,
vol. 18 (London: Hogarth Press, 1955): 62–143.

17
G. Gabbard, “Advances in Psychoanalytic Therapy,” presented to the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, May 13, 1998.

18
S. Freud,
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.

19
E. Fromm,
Escape from Freedom
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1941), 21.

20
L. Horwitz, “Narcissistic Leadership in Psychotherapy Groups,
” International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 219–35. M. Leszcz, “Reflections on the Abuse of Power, Control, and Status in Group Therapy and Group Therapy Training,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
54 (2004): 389–400. I. Harwood, “Distinguishing Between the Facilitating and Self-Serving Charismatic Group Leader,”
Group
27 (2004): 121–29.

21
S. Scheidlinger, “Freud’s Group Psychology Revisited: An Opportunity Missed,
” Psychoanalytic Psychology
20 (2003): 389–92. Scheidlinger underscores that Freud relished his power as the leader of the psychoanalytic study group. He was relentlessly authoritarian and demanded total acceptance of his theories. Scheidlinger comments that Freud could have made an even larger contribution to group psychology and group psychotherapy had he not abandoned his work in this area because of a falling out with Trigant Burrow. Burrow, a former associate of Freud and early president of the American Psychoanalytic Association developed a model of group analysis that Freud felt challenged some of his own ideas. He ended his relationship with Burrow and gave no further thought in writing to groups.

22
L. Tolstoy,
War and Peace
(New York: Modern Library, Random House, 1931; orig. published 1865–69), 231.

23
Ibid., 245.

24
M. Nitsun, “The Future of the Group,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 455–72.

25
M. Levy, “A Helpful Way to Conceptualize and Understand Re-Enactments,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
7 (1998): 227–38.

26
S. Freud,
The Future of an Illusion,
in
Standard Edition,
vol. 21 (London: Hogarth Press, 1961), 1–56.

27
G. Thorne,
When It Was Dark,
cited by S. Freud in
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.

28
S. Knox, S. Hess, D. Petersen, and C. Hill, “A Qualitative Analysis of Client Perceptions of the Effects of Helpful Therapist Self-Disclosure in Long-Term Therapy,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
44 (1997): 274–83. B. Cohen and V. Schermer, “Therapist Self-Disclosure in Group Psychotherapy from an Intersubjective and Self-Psychological Standpoint,”
Group
25 (2001): 41–57.

29
R. Dies, “Models of Group Therapy: Sifting Through Confusion,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
42 (1992): 1–17.

30
I. Yalom,
Inpatient Group Psychotherapy
(New York: Basic Books, 1983). E. Berne, “Staff Patient Conferences,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
125 (1968): 286–88.

31
A. Rachman,
Sandor Ferenczi
,
The Psychotherapist of Tenderness and Passion
(New York: Jason Aronson, 1996).

32
J. Rutan, “Sandor Ferenczi’s Contributions to Psychodynamic Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
53 (2003): 375–84.

33
S. Ferenczi, quoted in
Interpersonal Analysis: The Selected Papers of Clara M. Thompson,
ed. M. Green (New York: Basic Books, 1964), 70. For a brief period, Ferenczi conducted the ultimate experiment in therapist transparency: mutual analysis. He and the analysand alternated roles: one hour he analyzed the client, and the next hour the client analyzed him. Eventually he dropped this impractical format, but he was not convinced that the transparency impeded therapy (S. Ferenczi,
The Clinical Diaries of S. Ferenczi
[Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993]).

34
S. Foulkes, “A Memorandum on Group Therapy,”
British Military Memorandum
, ADM, July, 1945.

35
I. Yalom,
Love’s Executioner
(New York: Basic Books, 1990). I. Yalom,
Lying on the Couch
(New York: Basic Books, 1996). I. Yalom,
Momma and the Meaning of Life
(New York: Basic Books, 1999). I. Yalom,
When Nietzsche Wept
(New York: Basic Books, 1992).

36
I. Yalom,
The Schopenhauer Cure
(New York: HarperCollins, 2005).

37
D. Fromm, G. Dickey, J. Shaefer, “Group Modification of Affective Verbalization: Reinforcements and Therapist Style Effects,”
Journal of Clinical Psychology
39 (1983): 893–900. R. Dies, “Therapist Variables in Group Psychotherapy Research,” in
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy,
ed. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame (New York: Wiley, 1994): 114–54. R. Dies, “Research in Group Psychotherapy: Overview and Clinical Applications,” in
Group Therapy in Clinical Practice,
ed. A. Alonso and H. Swiller (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1993): 473–518.

38
M. Nichols and R. Schwartz,
Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods
(Needham Heights, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon, 1991), 265.

39
S. Wiser and M. Goldfried, “Therapist Interventions and Client Emotional Experiencing in Expert Psychodynamic-Interpersonal and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies,”
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
66 (1998): 634–40. T. Eels, “What Do We Know About Master Therapists?”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
67 (1999): 314–17.

40
F. Wright, “Being Seen, Moved, Disrupted, and Reconfigured: Group Leadership from a Relational Perspective,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
54 (2004): 235–50.

41
S. Foreman, “The Significance of Turning Passive into Active in Control Mastery Theory,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
5 (1996): 106–21.

42
S. Knox, S. Hess, D. Peterson, and C. Hill, “A Qualitative Analysis of Client Perceptions of the Effects of Helpful Therapist Self-Disclosure in Long-Term Therapy,”
Journal of Counseling Psychology
49 (1997): 274–83.

43
M. Allan, “An Investigation of Therapist and Patient Self-Help Disclosure in Outpatient Therapy Groups,”
Dissertation Abstracts International
41 (1980), no. 8021155.

44
H. Conte, R. Ratto, K. Clutz, and T. Karasu, “Determinants of Outpatients’ Satisfactions with Therapists: Relation to Outcome,”
Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
4 (1995): 43–51.