THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES (142 page)

35
. William R. Hawkins, “The Transformation of War,”
National Review
, April 1991, 50.

36
. And though voting mechanisms will persist, even flourish in the private sector—you will vote for the chairman of the condo association, for the trustees of the charter school, and the like—these mechanisms may be weighted just as shareholder voting is “weighted” in those institutions that reflect, rather than serve as counterweights (churches, synagogues) to, the market-state.

37
. David Butler and Austin Ranney,
Referendums: A Comparative Study of Practice and Theory
(American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978), 34.

38
. Also consider James S. Fishkin's Center for Deliberative Polling, which attempts to determine how the public would vote if it were properly educated about the issues (http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/delpol/bluebook/summary.html).

39
.
Baker
v.
Carr
, 82 S. Ct. 691 (1962); and
Reynolds
v.
Sims
, 84 S. Ct. 1362 (1964).

40
. Aaron L. Friedberg, “The Future of American Power,”
Political Science Quarterly
109 (Spring 1994): 5.

41
. Robert E. Litan and William D. Nordhaus,
Reforming Federal Regulation
(Yale University Press, 1983), 157.

1
. Hedley Bull,
The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).

2
. Alan Tonelson, “Superpower without a Sword,”
Foreign Affairs
72 (Summer 1993): 166 – 182.

3
. It is noteworthy that during the Gulf War, not one son or daughter of a member of Congress went off to war. Patrick J. Buchanan, “America's new nationalism: The new political fault line is emerging, and it will be drawn over prosperity at home vs. aid abroad,”
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
, January 3, 1994, D3

4
. Alan Tonelson, “Tremors across the America First fault line: Fearful opposition,”
Washington Times
, February 18, 1992, E1.

5
. U.S. Congressional Research Service.

6
. Alexander Haig, interview with
Fox News
, January 14, 2001.

7
. Alan Tonelson, “Beyond Left and Right: New Thinking in Foreign Policy,”
Current
, May 1994, 39.

8
. Christopher Layne and Benjamin Schwarz, “No New World Order: America after the Cold War,”
Current
, December 1993, 26, 27.

9
. “Lord Salisbury, the British prime minister at the beginning of this century, once said in exasperation about his military advisers that if they had their way they would garrison the moon to protect us from an attack from Mars.” Michael Howard,
The Lessons of History
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).

10
.As quoted in Benjamin Schwarz and Christopher Layne, “The Case against Intervention in Kosovo,”
The Nation
, April 19,1999,11.

11
. Thomas Kuhn,
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
(University of Chicago Press, 1970); Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend,
For and Against Method: Including Lakatos's Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend Correspondence
, ed. Matteo Motterlini (University of Chicago Press, 1999).

12
. James N. Rosenau,
Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).

13
. James Chace,
The Consequences of the Peace: The New Internationalism and American Foreign Policy
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

14
. Though that day of parity may still be a ways off.

15
. Richard N. Rosecrance,
The Rise of the Virtual State: Wealth and Power in the Coming Century
(New York: Basic Books, 1999).

16
. Zbigniew K. Brzezinski,
The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives
(New York: Basic Books, 1997).

17
. The Western European Union is a body established in 1955 to facilitate coordination of European security and defense matters. It may soon be supplanted by the European Union's new Rapid-Reaction Force.

18
. John J. Mearsheimer,
Conventional Deterrence
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983).

19
. Kenneth Neal Waltz,
The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better
(International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981).

20
. A free rider is an agent who exploits a service provided by another without paying for it. New Zealand, for example, benefits from the United States's nuclear deterrent without paying for it, by, for example, allowing U.S. nuclear submarines to use New Zealand harbors.

21
. James B. Steinberg, “Sources of Conflict and Tools for Stability: Planning for the Twenty-first Century” (Address at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, June 14, 1994),
Department of State Dispatch
, vol. 5, July 11, 1994,464.

22
. George Kennan,
The Cloud of Danger: Current Realities of American Foreign Policy
(Little, Brown, 1977), 41 – 42.

23
. Tony Smith, “Making the World Safe for Democracy,”
Washington Quarterly
16 (1993): 207.

24
. Alexander Hamilton,
Federalist Paper #6
. Hamilton wrote “Republics” where I have substituted “Democracies.” Hamilton clearly did not mean the latter as he understood
the distinction, but contemporary readers today will better grasp this point, I think, if this substitution is made.

25
. Graham E. Fuller,
The Democracy Trap: The Perils of the Post–Cold War World
(Dutton, 1991).

26
. Charley Reese, “Clinton Continues U.S. Tradition of Hypocritical Meddling Abroad,”
Orlando Sentinel
, May 11, 1993, A8.

27
. Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment,”
Foreign Affairs
70 (1991): 23, 24, 27.

28
. William E. Odom, “NATO's Expansion: Why the Critics Are Wrong,”
National Interest
, Spring 1995, 38.

29
. Krauthammer, 25.

30
. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, “A Normal Country in a Normal Time,”
National Interest
, Fall 1990,40 – 44.

31
. Krauthammer, 27.

32
. Richard N. Haass, “Paradigm Lost,”
Foreign Affairs
74 (1995): 43,44.

33
. Available at www.rice.edu/projects/baker/pubs/workingpapers/efac/jan21.html.

34
. Bobbitt,
Democracy and Deterrence
, 283.

35
. For an elaboration of the argument for this conclusion, I refer the reader to Calabresi and Bobbitt,
Tragic Choices
.

36
. “Instrucción que dio el Conde Duque a Felipe I,” British Museum, Egerton MS 347, fos. 249 – 290.

37
. It is not only intellectuals who make this error. Insofar as the movement toward a European Defense Initiative is, for many, merely a political station on the way to an integrated European defense system, coordinated by the European Union, it reflects a similar disposition, because such a defense arrangement requires a fundamental constitutional modification of the nation-states of Europe in the direction of a superstate.

1
. William Poundstone,
Prisoner's Dilemma: John von Neumann, Game Theory, and the Puzzle of the Bomb
(New York: Doubleday, 1992).

2
. Lamar Smith, “Immigration and Welfare Reform: Finally, Taxpayers Are Being Considered,”
USA Today
, March 1, 1997, 30. See also George Borjas, “Immigration and Welfare Benefits,”
Congressional Testimony
, March 12, 1996. For a contrasting view, see James Bornemeier, “Study Says Newcomers Give More Than They Take,”
Portland Oregonian
, December 1, 1995, A1.

3
. On February 23, 1996, the Outstanding Public Debt was $5,017,056,630,040.53. This was the first time in history the U.S. national debt surpassed the $5 trillion mark.

4
. R. W. Apple, Jr., “Poll Shows Disenchantment with Politicians and Politics,”
International Herald Tribune
, August 14, 1995, 3, reporting on
New York Times
/CBS Poll; ironically this was reported a few pages away from a rather snide
New York Times
attack on the Clintons for refusing to reveal their private tax returns from the mid-1980s, suggesting that “the Clintons owe it to the public to… waive their privacy rights at the IRS” and concluding that until the Whitewater independent counsel publishes his report one cannot know whether the President and the First Lady “were truthful,” “The Whitewater Tax Questions,” 6.

5
.
Robert M. Dunn, Jr., “Has the U.S. Economy Really Been Globalized?”
Washington Quarterly
, Winter 2001, 54.

6
. See the proposal by Ronald Asmus, Robert Blackwill, and F. Stephen Larrabee, “Can NATO Survive?”
Washington Quarterly
, Spring 1996, 79, for an expansion of a NATO agenda.

7
. See the excellent recent books on this subject by Richard Haass,
Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post –War World
(Brookings Institution, 1994); and
The Reluctant Sheriff
(Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1997).

8
. James Kurth, “The Decline and Fall of Almost Everything: Paul Kennedy Peers into the Future (‘Preparing for the 21st Century’),”
Foreign Affairs
72 (Spring 1993): 162. “The best way—for a nation and a person—to prepare for the 21st century will be what has always been the best way to prepare for uncertainty. That is to rely not so much upon the outer supports of plans, programs and policies but upon the inner strengths of character—resiliency and resourcefulness, discipline and cooperation, endurance and courage, and, perhaps above all, faith and hope.” See also James Fallows,
More like Us: Making America Great Again
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989).

9
. For an excellent analysis, see Richard O. Hundley,
Past Revolutions, Future Transformations: What Can the History of Revolutions in Military Affairs Tell Us about Transforming the U.S. Military?
(Rand, 1999).

10
. “One set of possibilities relates to future advances in sensor technology; these are opening up unused portions of the electromagnetic spectrum that, when matched with improved computational capabilities and deployment in space, offer the prospect for a truly transparent battlefield…. [E]lectronic systems may be redesigned so that they will be virtually undetectable.” Dan Goure, “Is There a Military-Technical Revolution in America's Future?”
Washington Quarterly
16 (1993): 179.