The Secret Sentry (49 page)

14. For an example of a Chinese Nationalist military decrypt, see Navy Department, Chief of Naval Operations,
Oriental Communication Intelligence Summary
, April 11, 1946, RG-38, entry 345 Radio Intelligence Summaries 1941–1946, box 122, file 1-30 April 1946 (2 of 2), NA, CP.
For decrypted Chinese Communist radio traffic, see Navy Department, Chief of Naval Operations,
Oriental Communication Intelligence Summary
, April 26, 1946, RG-38, entry 345 Radio Intelligence Summaries 1941–1946, box 122, file 1-30 April 1946 (2 of 2), NA, CP.

15. Memorandum, Craig to Acting Deputy Chief of Staff,
Intelligence on Russia
, March 14, 1946, RG-319, entry 154 OPD TS Decimal File 1946–1948, box 75, file P&O 350.05 TS (Section I) Cases 1–44, NA,
CP; memorandum, G.A.L. to Hull,
Intelligence on Russia
, March 22, 1946, RG-319, entry 154 OPD TS Decimal File 1946–1948, box 75, file P&O 350.05 TS (Section I) Cases 1–44, NA,
CP; memorandum, Starbird to Hull,
Intelligence in Europe
, April 3, 1946, RG-319, entry 154 OPD TS Decimal File 1946–1948, box 75, file P&O 350.05 TS (Section I) Cases 1–44, NA, CP.

16. A heavily redacted version of the BRUSA Agreement was recently released to the author, for which see
British–U.S. Communication Intelligence Agreement
, March 5, 1946, DOCID 3216600, NSA FOIA. See also SRMA-011,
SSS/SSA/ASA Staff Meeting Minutes: 25 November 1942–17 February
1948
, pp. 293, 321, RG-457, NA, CP;
Army-Navy Communication Intelligence Board Organi-
zational Bulletin No. 1
, June 1945, RG-457, HCC, box 1364, NA, CP;
Report to the Secretary of
State and the Secretary of Defense
(hereafter “
Brownell Committee Report
”), June 13, 1952, p. 15, NSA FOIA; George F. Howe, “The Early History of NSA,”
Cryptologic Spectrum
, vol. 4, no. 2, (Spring 1974): p. 13, DOCID: 3217154, NSA FOIA; Thomas L. Burns,
The Origins of the National
Security Agency: 1940–1952
(Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 1990), pp. 36–37, 52, NSA FOIA.

17. SRMA-011,
SSS/SSA/ASA Staff Meeting Minutes
, p. 257, RG-457, NA, CP; letter, Wenger to Jones, June 4, 1946, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous June 1945–June
1946, NA, CP.

18. ASA,
Summary Annual Report of the Army Security Agency: Fiscal Year 1947
, February 1950, p. 23, INSCOM FOIA; ASA,
Annual Historical Report, ASA Plans and Operations Section, FY
1950
, p. ii, INSCOM FOIA; SRMA-011,
SSS/SSA/ASA Staff Meeting Minutes: 25 November 1942–
17 February 1948
, p. 257, RG-457, NA, CP; Howe, “The Early History of NSA,” p. 13, DOCID:

19. Dr. Thomas R. Johnson,
American Cryptology During the Cold War, 1945–1989
, bk. 1,
The Struggle
for Centralization, 1945–1960
(Fort Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic History, 1995), p. 17, NSA FOIA.

20. Details of Gouzenko’s revelations can be found in Memorandum, Hoover to Lyon,
Soviet Espionage
Activity
, September 18, 1945, RG-59, Decimal File 1945–1949, box 6648, file 861.20242/9-1845, NA, CP; memorandum, Hoover to Lyon,
Soviet Espionage Activity
, September 24, 1945, RG-59, Decimal File 1945–1949, box 6648, file 861.20242/9-2445, NA, CP;
The Report of the
Royal Commission to Investigate the Facts Relating to and the Circumstances Surrounding the Communication
by Public Officials and Other Persons in Positions of Trust of Secret and Confidential Information
to Agents of a Foreign Power
(Kellock-Taschereau Commission) (Ottawa: Canadian Government Printing Office, 1946).

21. Wenger had held discussions with Captain E. S. Brand, RCN, the director of naval intelligence; Captain George A. “Sam”
Worth, RCN, the director of naval communications; and Commander Macdonald concerning future U.S.-Canadian COMINT relations.
Letter, Wenger to deMarbois, October 4, 1945, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous June 1945–June 1946, NA, CP.

22. SD-38092,
Briefing for General Irwin— of Important Happenings in the Intelligence Division for the
Period 28 April Through 14 June, 1949
, June 15, 1949, p. 2, RG-319, entry 47A Army G-2 Top Secret Decimal File 1942–1952, box 9, file 014.331 thru 018.2 ’49, NA,
CP; letter, Cabell to Crean, June 29, 1949. The author is grateful to Bill Robinson in Canada for making a copy of this declassified
document available to him. See also letter, Wenger to Jones, November 17, 1949, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous
January 1949–December 1949, NA, CP; letter, Glazebrook to Armstrong, November 18, 1949, RG-59, entry 1561 Lot 58D776 INR Subject
File 1945–1956, box 22, file Exchange of Classified Information with Foreign Governments Other than UK, NA, CP; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 18. For the signing of CANUSA in 1949, see IAC 376, Communications Security Establishment,
Canadian SIGINT Security Instructions
, November 2, 1976, p. 2, Canadian Department of National Defense FOIA.

23. Memorandum, McDonald to Secretary of the Air Force et al.,
Conversations with British Representatives
Concerning British Collaboration with Australia and New Zealand on Communications
Intelligence Activities
, January 2, 1948, RG-341, entry 335 Air Force Plans Project Decimal File 1942–1954, box 741-A, file 350.05 England (2 Jan
48), NA, CP; memorandum, Shedden to Secretary, Defence Committee,
Tripartite Conference at Defence Signals Branch
, September 3, 1953, Series A5954, box 2355, Item 2355/7 Visit of US and UK Representatives to DSB Nov 1952 Tripartite Conference
Sept 1953, National Archives of Australia, Canberra, Australia; Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, pp. 18–19.

24. Johnson,
American Cryptology
, bk. 1, p. 160.

25. Peter J. Freeman,
How GCHQ Came to Cheltenham
(Cheltenham, U.K.: GCHQ, 2002), p. 9; confidential interview with former GCHQ officer.

26.
British Communications Intelligence
, undated circa early 1946, RG-457, HCC, box 808, file British COMINT, NA, CP. For the size of the London Signals Intelligence
Center Russian Section, see
Director’s Order No. 77
, September 20, 1945, HW 64/68, PRO, Kew, England;
Number
of Staff Employed
, September 30, 1945, HW 14/151, PRO, Kew, England.

27. F. W. Winterbotham,
The Ultra Secret
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974), p. 13.

28. For Alexander, see Michael Smith,
The Spying Game: The Secret History of British Espionage
(London: Politico’s, 2003), p. 296. For Morgan, see
British Communications Intelligence
, undated circa early 1946, appendix 1, p. 6, RG-457, HCC, box 808, file British COMINT, NA, CP.

29.
War Diary Summary of G4A for February 1946
, March 5, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP;
War Diary Summary of G4A for March
1946
, April 9, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP;
War Diary Summary of G4A for April 1946
, May 6, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP.

30. Decrypts V-2936, Petropavlovsk to Toyohara, August 10, 1946, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic 1940–1946,
box 2744, NA, CP; comment to WS BO 17098, Sovet-skaya Gavan’ Naval Base to Petropavlovsk Naval Base, RUN-17440(N), RUNRA-1,
November 15, 1948, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic 1940–1946, box 2742, NA, CP. Both reclassified by
U.S. Navy.

31.
War Diary Summary of G4A for April 1946
, May 6, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (3 of 3), NA, CP; David Alvarez, “Behind
Venona: American Signals Intelligence in the Early Cold War,”
Intelligence and National Security
, Summer 1999: p.181.

32. Hugh Denham, “Conel Hugh O’Donel Alexander,”
Cryptologic Spectrum
, vol. 4, no. 3 (Summer 1974): p. 31, DOCID: 3217160, NSA FOIA; Smith,
The Spying Game
, p. 296.

33. Confidential interview. For Raven background, see
NSA Newsletter
, May 1954, p. 5, NSA FOIA.

34. For RUMRA decrypts, see RUM-12405, Vienna HQ Central Group of Forces to Moscow Ministry of the Armed Forces, RUMRA-1,
intercepted November 15, 1946, solved January 13, 1949; RUM-12410, Moscow to Tbilisi, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 15, 1947,
solved January 18, 1949; RUM-12519, Moscow to Kuibyshev: Volga VO, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 21, 1947, solved February 25,
1949; RUM-12000, Moscow to Arkhangel’sk VO, RUMRA-1, intercepted June 24, 1948, solved October 13, 1948; RUM-12293, Tbilisi
to Moscow: MVS, RUMRA-1, intercepted October 14, 1947, solved December 6, 1948, all in RG-38, box 2742, NA, CP.

35.
War Diary Summary of G4A for February 1946
, March 5, 1946, p. 1, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 War Diary Sections (3 of 3), NA, CP;
Summary of War Diary for N-51: July
1946
, August 6, 1946, p. 2, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 111, file 5750/160 Section War Diaries (1 of 3), NA, CP; letter, Wenger to
Travis, February 15, 1947, RG-38, CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous November 1951–July 1953, NA, CP.

36. Letter, Currier to Wenger, April 8, 1947, RG-38, Crane CNSG Library, box 101, file Miscellaneous November 1951–July 1953,
NA, CP.

37. ASA,
Summary Annual Report of the Army Security Agency: Fiscal Year 1947
, February 1950, p. 45, INSCOM FOIA.

38. See, for example, RUM-12405, Vienna HQ Central Group of Forces to Moscow Ministry of the Armed Forces, RUMRA-1, intercepted
November 15, 1946, solved January 13, 1949; RUM-12410, Moscow to Tbilisi, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 15, 1947, solved January
18, 1949; RUM-12519, Moscow to Kuibyshev: Volga VO, RUMRA-1, intercepted March 21, 1947, solved February 25, 1949; RUM-12550,
Khabarovsk to Irkutsk, RUMY, intercepted January 15, 1949, solved March 10, 1949, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted
Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940– 1946, box 2739, NA, CP; RUM-11835, Alma Ata: MGB to Directorate of Military Supply, MGB, RUMY,
intercepted November 13, 1947, solved September 27, 1948; RUM-11861, Moscow to Arkhangel’sk VO, RUMB, intercepted July 30,
1947, solved September 29, 1948; RUM-11989, Tbilisi to Moscow, intercepted August 6, 1948, solved October 18, 1948; RUM-11992,
Tbilisi to Pojly, RUMY, intercepted August 27, 1948, solved October 13, 1948; RUM-12000, Moscow to Arkhangel’sk VO, RUMRA-1,
intercepted June 24, 1948, solved October 13, 1948; RUM-12003, Moscow to Alma Ata, intercepted August 23, 1948, solved October
18, 1948; RUM-12087, Moscow to Vorkuta, RUYLA-1, intercepted April 8, 1948, solved October 25, 1948; RUM-12215, Baku to Moscow,
RUMY, intercepted September 7, 1948, solved November 18, 1948; RUM-12312, Dal’nij to Moscow: MVS, RUMUC-2, intercepted March
18, 1948, solved December 7, 1948; RUM-12293, Tbilisi to Moscow: MVS, RUMRA-1, intercepted October 14, 1947, solved December
6, 1948; RUM-12320, Khar’kov to Kavkazkaya Station, intercepted October 8, 1948, solved December 15, 1948; RUM-12327, Grozny
to Moscow, RUMY, intercepted December 3, 1948, solved December 17, 1948; RUM-12334, Chita to Moscow, RUMY, intercepted September
9, 1948, solved December 20, 1948; RUM-12356, Port Arthur: 39 Army to UKH of MGB, December 31, 1948; RUM-12509, Vladivostok
to Moscow, RUMY, intercepted October 14, 1948, solved UNK; RUMI-0622, Riga to Moscow, RUMUA-1A, intercepted December 28, 1946,
solved October 12, 1948; RUMI-0625, Tbilisi to Moscow MVS, RUMUA-1, intercepted January 8, 1948, solved October 12, 1948;
RUMI-0705, Vienna to Mukachevo, RUMUA-1A, intercepted December 3, 1947, solved December 23, 1948; RUMI-0712, Vienna to Mukachevo,
RUMUA-1A, intercepted December 3, 1947, solved December 23, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic,
1940–1946, box 2742, NA, CP; V-2936, Petropavlovsk to Toyohara, August 10, 1946, RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy
Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2744, NA, CP; RUM-10994, Port Arthur 39 Army to Voroshilov PRIMVO, intercepted March 22, 1948,
solved August 19, 1948; RUM-11100, Port Arthur: 39 Army to Voroshilov PRIMVO, intercepted February 20, 1948, solved August
18, 1948; RUM-11107, Voroshilov PRIMVO to Port Arthur 39 Army, intercepted July 7, 1947, solved August 17, 1948; RUM-11059,
Yerevan 7 Guards Army to Moscow, intercepted January 9, 1947, solved August 18, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted
Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2745, NA, CP. All of these documents have been reclassified by the U.S. Navy.

39. For examples of Soviet navy cipher solutions, see NI-1-#14928, CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Headquarters, RUNRA-1, intercepted
April 18, 1948, solved March 16, 1949; NI-1-#23815, Vladivostok to Moscow, RUNY, intercepted December 8, 1948, solved April
21, 1949; RUN-16971, Petropavlovsk Naval Base to Sovetskaya Gavan Naval Base, RUNRA-1, intercepted January 16, 1948, solved
November 18, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2739, NA, CP; NI-1 Summary
part 2, December 14, 1946; NI-1 Summary, December 26, 1946; NI-1 Summary, March 21, 1947, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted
Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2740, NA, CP; RUN-1799, Chief of Staff, Naval Air Forces, Moscow to Chief of Staff, Naval
Air Force, Black Sea Fleet, intercepted May 13, 1948, solved December 6, 1948; RUN-16132, Petropavlovsk Naval Base to Sovetskaya
Gavan Naval Base, intercepted June 30, 1948, solved November 19, 1948; RUN-18002, Sovetskaya Gavan CinC 7th Fleet to Moscow
Naval Hqs, intercepted June 10, 1948, solved December 2, 1948; RUN-18013, Vladivostok CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Hqs,
intercepted February 13, 1948, solved December 3, 1948; RUN-19962, Vladivostok CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Hqs, intercepted
April 19, 1948, solved December 29, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2742,
NA, CP; RUN-21146, Vladivostok CinC 5th Fleet to Moscow Naval Hqs, intercepted February 4, 1948, solved February 10, 1949,
RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2743, NA, CP; RUN-15567, Moscow Naval Headquarters
to Sovetskaya Gavan CinC 7th Fleet, intercepted January 30, 1948, solved August 17, 1948; RUN-15702, Moscow Naval Headquarters
to CinC 5th Fleet, intercepted August 24, 1948, solved August 31, 1948; RUN-15724, Moscow Naval Headquarters to CinC 5th Fleet,
intercepted August 24, 1948, solved September 28, 1948; RUN-15796, Moscow Naval Headquarters to CinC 5th Fleet, intercepted
August 25, 1948, solved September 22, 1948, all in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box
2744, NA, CP; RUN-15724, Moscow Naval Headquarters to CinC 5th Fleet, intercepted August 24, 1948, solved September 28, 1948;
RUN-ARU/T2343, Headquarters Air Force Black Sea to Headquarters Naval Air Force, Moscow, intercepted October 13, 1947, solved
September 20, 1948, both in RG-38, Translations of Intercepted Enemy Radio Traffic, 1940–1946, box 2745, NA, CP. All of these
documents have been reclassified by the U.S. Navy.