The Psychology Book (82 page)

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 261

Harry Harlow carries out

experiments on monkeys

Jerome Bruner

proving that
contact

Mary Ainsworth

A school opens in

explores the way the

comfort
is more

explores types of

Neuville-du-Bosc,

developing mind

important than the

attachment in her

France, which follows

structures its sense of

provision of food in

Strange Situation

the educational theories

reality in
The Narrative

forming attachments.

studies.

of
Françoise Dolto
.

Construction of Reality
.

1959

1970

1973

1991

1961

1971

1974

1995

Albert Bandura performs

Lawrence Kohlberg

Eleanor E. Maccoby

Simon Baron-Cohen

the
Bobo Doll

identifies
six stages

conducts a study into

publishes
Mindblindness
,

experiments
into

of moral growth
in

gender differences

exploring the

observational learning

Stages of Moral

in
The Psychology of

implications of
growing

(modeling).

Development
.

Sex Differences
.

up with autism
.

language, and Noam Chomsky’s

survival. The basic ideas of

civil rights movement and

suggestion that this is an innate

attachment theory were reinforced

feminism were influencing thought

capability once more opened the

by experiments carried out by

in both social psychology and

nature versus nurture debate.

psychologist Harry Harlow in the

developmental psychology. How

US, who showed the effects of

our prejudices are acquired, and

Attachment theory

isolation and maternal separation

at what stage of development,

While much developmental

on infants. His experiments

became an area of interest for the

psychology concerned itself with

demonstrated that to build healthy

African-Americans Kenneth and

the process of learning, a growing

cognitive and social development,

Mamie Clark, who based their work

area of interest arose from the

infants needed companionship

on studies of child development in

research carried out by the British

and care. Later research by Mary

Harlem, New York; while Eleanor

psychoanalyst and psychiatrist

Ainsworth built on these findings,

Maccoby examined the differences

John Bowlby. His study of children

adding the concept of a “secure

in development between the

who had been separated from their

base” from which an infant

sexes—the first of many similar

families during World War II led

can explore the world. Bruno

explorations in the new field of

to the formulation of attachment

Bettelheim developed his own, more

gender studies.

theory, which deals with the way

controversial, theories of childhood

Developmental psychology is

we build and maintain relationships

development from the basis of

currently exploring the causes and

with family and friends, placing

attachment theory, rejecting the

treatment of autism and learning

a special importance on the

importance of the traditional family

difficulties. And, with a growing

attachments made by infants to the

after his study of children brought

aging population, psychology

people who care for them; Bowlby

up communally in kibbutzim. In

is also looking into issues that

saw this as a natural impulse for

the 1960s, social issues such as the

confront us as we enter old age. ■

THE GOAL OF

EDUCATION

IS TO CREATE MEN AND WOMEN

WHO ARE CAPABLE OF DOING

NE

JEAN PIW

AGET

(18T

96–H

1980I

) NGS