The New Middle East (68 page)

 
35
   Middle East and North Africa programme, ‘Defining and Tackling Corruption’, Chatham House, February 2012.

 
36
   Frank Gardner, ‘Tunisia one year on: Where the Arab Spring started’,
BBC News, 17 December 2011.

 
37
   Eric Goldstein, ‘A Middle Class revolution’,
Foreign Policy
, 18 January 2011.

 
38
   Middle East and North Africa programme, ‘Defining and Tackling Corruption’, Chatham House, February 2012.

 
39
   Ibrahim Saif, ‘The Arab world’s looming crisis’, Carnegie Middle East Center, September 2012.

 
40
   Joshua Landis, ‘The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Asad Regime Is Likely to Survive to 2013’,
Middle East Policy Council
, Spring 2012, vol. XIX, no. 1

 
41
   Encyclopedia Britannica online.

 
42
   Ibid.

 
43
   Alexander,
Tunisia
, p. 33.

 
44
   Clement Henry Moore,
Tunisia Since Independence: The Dynamics of One-party Government
, University of California Press, 1965, p. 55.

 
45
   Ibid., p. 57.

 
46
   Ibid., p. 53.

 
47
   Ibid., p. 57.

 
48
   Ibid.

 
49
   Ibid., p. 41.

 
50
   WikiLeaks
07TUNIS1068, THE TUNISIAN SECULAR STATE: A MODEL FOR THE MUSLIM
, US Embassy, Tunis, August 2007.

 
51
   Lisa Anderson, ‘Demystifying the Arab Spring’,
Foreign Affairs
, May/June 2011.

 
52
   Alexander, Tunisia, p. 58.

 
53
   Alexander,
Tunisia,
p. 59.

 
54
   International Crisis Group,
POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (IV): TUNISIA’S WAY
Middle East/North Africa Report no. 106, 28 April 2011.

 
55
   Alexis Arieff, ‘Political Transition in Tunisia’, Congressional Research Service, 16 December 2011.

 
56
   Ibid.

 
57
   International Crisis Group,
Popular Protest . .
.

 
58
   Ibid.

 
59
   Alexander,
Tunisia,
p. 66.

2: Egypt’s Long War

i: the battle begins

 
  
1
   Gabe Fisher, ‘Israeli MK denies getting $25,000 a month from Mubarak’,
Times of Israel
, 14 March 2012.

 
  
2
   Jeremy M. Sharp, ‘Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations’, Congressional Research Service, February 2011.

 
  
3
   James Zogby, ‘American Attitudes Towards Egypt and the Muslim Brotherhood’,
Zogby Research Services
, March 2013.

 
  
4
   Robert S. Leiken, Steven Brooke, ‘The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood’,
Foreign Affairs
, March/April 2007.

 
  
5
   Richard P. Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, p. 7.

 
  
6
   Encyclopedia Britannica online.

 
  
7
   Author interview with Dr Brynjar Lia, Research Professor at the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, author of
The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt 1928–42.

 
  
8
   
Time
magazine, ‘EGYPT: Down Goes the Brotherhood’, 25 January 1954.

 
  
9
   Eugene Rogan,
The Arabs: A History
, Kindle edition, Allen Lane, London, 2009, p. 271.

 
10
   Richard P. Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, p. 65.

 
11
   Ibid., p. 68.

 
12
   Ibid., p. 70.

 
13
   Ibid., p. 71.

 
14
   Ibid.

 
15
   Gamal Abdel Nasser,
Egypt’s Liberation: The Philosophy of the Revolution
, Public Affairs Press, Washington, DC, 1955, pp. 87–8.

 
16
   Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 100.

 
17
   Ibid., p. 104.

 
18
   Alison Pargeter,
The Muslim Brotherhood: The Burden of Tradition
, Kindle edition, Saqi Books, London, 2011, loc. 447.

 
19
   Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 111.

 
20
   Ibid., p. 109.

 
21
   Rogan,
The Arabs,
p. 283.

 
22
   Kenneth Love, ‘Egypt Condemns 6 to Hang as Plotters’,
New York Times
, 5 December 1954.

 
23
   Robert C. Doty, ‘Nasser Escapes Attempt on Life’,
New York Times
, 26 October 1954.

 
24
   
Economist
magazine, ‘Nasser Versus the Brotherhood’, 20 November 1954, p. 26.

 
25
   
Time
magazine, ‘EGYPT: The Revolutionary’, 26 September 1955.

 
26
   Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 149.

 
27
   
Time
magazine, ‘Egypt: Eight shots’, 8 November 1954.

 
28
   Ibid.

 
29
   
Time
magazine, ‘Egypt: Snapping the Trap’, 6 December 1954.

 
30
   Ibid.

 
31
   Ibid.

 
32
   Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
, p. 156.

 
33
   Ibid., p. 152.

 
34
   Love, ‘Egypt Condemns 6’.

 
35
   Ibid.

 
36
   John Mecklin, ‘EGYPT: The Counterpuncher’,
Time
magazine, 27 August 1956.

 
37
   David A. Nichols,
Eisenhower 1956: The President’s Year of Crisis, Suez and the Brink of War
, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011, p. 126.

 
38
   Mecklin, ‘EGYPT: The Counterpuncher’.

 
39
   Nichols,
Eisenhower 1956
,
p. 203.

 
40
   Nazar Abbas, ‘Gaddafi is gone, long live Libya’,
The News
, August 2011, quoting Mohamed Hasnain Heikal from his book
The Road to Ramadan.