The New Middle East (67 page)

 
  
2
   BBC News, ‘Kofi Annan quits UN Syria role’, 2 August 2012.

 
  
3
   Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Statement by the High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Security Council’, 12 February 2013.

 
  
4
   Iyad el-Baghdadi, ‘The Arab Tyrant’s Manual’, www.el-baghdadi.com/projects/the-arab-tyrants-manual.html.

 
  
5
   UNESCO Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States,
Arab Youth: Civic Engagement and Economic Participation
, September 2011.

 
  
6
   Louisa Loveluck,
Education in Egypt: Key Challenges
, Chatham House, March 2012.

 
  
7
   Jeffrey Goldberg, ‘Obama: “Israel Doesn’t Know What Its Best Interests Are” ’, Bloomberg, 15 January 2013.

 
  
8
   ‘Associated Press: Israeli ultra-Orthodox projected to triple by 2059’
,
Guardian
, 12 December 2011.

 
  
9
   Tobias Buck, ‘Israeli coalition in military draft row’,
Financial Times
, 4 July 2012.

 
10
   Zvi Bar’el, ‘Only the IDF can get Israel to recognize “Jewish terrorism” ’,
Ha’aretz
, 21 December 2011.

 
11
   International Monetary Fund, ‘Concluding Statement of the 2012 Article IV Consultation Mission to Israel’, February 2012.

 
12
   
Ha’aretz
editorial, ‘Supreme Court thrusts Israel down the slope of apartheid’, 13 January 2012.

 
13
   Gil Hoffman, ‘Poll Finds Huge Drop In Israelis Who See Obama As Hostile’,
Jerusalem Post
, 29 March 2013.

 
14
   Agence France-Presse, ‘Obama plunges into Mideast with snap call to Palestinian leader’, 21 January 2009.

 
15
   BBC World News, June 2012.

 
16
   BBC Religion, ‘Sunni and Shi’a’, bbc.co.uk/religion/islam, 19 August 2009.

 
17
   The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Press Conference by the President at the Nuclear Security Summit,
13
April 2010.

 
18
   Ryan Lizza, ‘The Consequentialist: How the Arab Spring remade Obama’s Foreign Policy’,
New Yorker
, 2 May 2011.

 
19
   BBC News, ‘Tony Blair: Life in Iraq 10 years on not as I hoped’, 26 February 2013.

 
20
   Alfred Thayer Mahan, ‘The Persian Gulf and International Relations’,
National Review
, September 1902, pp. 26–45.

1: The Collapse of the Old Middle East

 
  
1
   Alexis Arieff, ‘Political Transition in Tunisia’, Congressional Research Service, 16 December 2011.

 
  
2
   Tamara Cofman Wittes, ‘The Promise of Arab Liberalism’,
Policy Review
, no. 125, June 2004.

 
  
3
   Catherine Smith, ‘Egypt’s Facebook Revolution’,
Huffington Post
, 2 February 2011.

 
  
4
   Ashraf Khalil,
Liberation Square
, St Martin’s Press, New York, 2012, p. 144.

 
  
5
   
Global Post
, ‘Omar Suleiman, Egypt’s vice president, blames violence on “foreign influences” ’, 3 February 2011.

 
  
6
   Paul Salem, ‘Qatari Foreign Policy: The Changing Dynamics of an Outsize Role’, Carnegie Middle East Center, 31 December 2012.

 
  
7
   Ali Hashem, ‘The Arab Spring has shaken Arab TV’s Credibility’,
Guardian
, 3 April 2012.

 
  
8
   Maggie Michael, ‘Calls grow in Egypt to delay elections’, Associated Press, 19 June 2011.

 
  
9
   President Ronald Reagan, News Conference, 9 April 1986, The American Presidency Project.

 
10
   
Wall Street Journal
, Interview with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, 31 January 2011.

 
11
   Ibid.

 
12
   BBC News, ‘Bahrain Government moves to disband Shia opposition’, 14 April 2011; Dale Gavlak, ‘Jordan searches for answers to Arab Spring demands’, BBC News, 4 November 2011; BBC News, ‘Moroccans celebrate King Mohammed’s reform speech’, 18 June 2011.

 
13
   Jeffrey Goldberg, ‘The Modern King in the Arab Spring’,
The Atlantic
, 18 March 2013.

 
14
   The International Center for Transitional Justice,
Algeria Background: No Redress for Victims.

 
15
   Joby Warrick and Michael Birnbaum, ‘As Bahrain stifles protest movement, U.S.’s muted objections draw criticism’,
Washington Post
, 14 April 2011.

 
16
   See Condoleezza Rice,
No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington
, Kindle edition, Crown Publishers, New York, 2011, p. 327.

 
17
   
New York Times
, ‘Libya’s Succession Muddled as the Al-Qadhafi Children Conduct Internecine Warfare
’
, US Embassy, Tripoli, 9 March 2009.

 
18
   
New York Times
, ‘Qadhafi Children Scandals Spilling over into Politics’, US Embassy, Tripoli, 2 February 2010.

 
19
   President George W. Bush 2nd Inaugural Address, January 2005.

 
20
   Ewen MacAskill, ‘George Bush: “God told me to end the tyranny in Iraq” ’,
Guardian
, 7 October 2005.

 
21
   WikiLeaks
07TUNIS1064, TUNISIA: PROMOTING THE PRESIDENT’S FREEDOM AGENDA
, US Embassy, Tunis, August 2007.

 
22
   Christopher Alexander,
Tunisia: Stability and Reform in the Modern Maghreb
, Kindle edition, Routledge, London and New York, p. 3.

 
23
   Ibid., p. 4.

 
24
   
New York Times
, ‘A Selection From the Cache of Diplomatic Dispatches, US Embassy, Tunis’, August 2008.

 
25
   ‘The Assad emails, The “Ming” vase’,
Guardian
, 14 March 2012.

 
26
   Associated Press, ‘A Coup is Reported in Tunisia’,
New York Times
, 7 November 1987.

 
27
   David Williams, ‘Wife of Tunisian president fled riot-torn country with 1.5 TONNES of gold (that should help feed the son-in-law’s pet tiger)’,
Daily Mail
, 17 January 2011.

 
28
   WikiLeaks,
08TUNIS679, CORRUPTION IN TUNISIA: WHAT’S YOURS IS MINE
, US Embassy, Tunis, 23 June 2008.

 
29
   WikiLeaks
09TUNIS516, TUNISIA: DINNER WITH SAKHER EL MATERI
, US Embassy, Tunis, July 2009.

 
30
   International Crisis Group,
Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (iv): Tunisia’s Way
, Middle East/North Africa Report no. 106, 28 April 2011.

 
31
   WikiLeaks,
08TUNIS493, TUNISIA: WHAT SUCCESSION SCENARIO?,
US Embassy, Tunis, May 2008.

 
32
   International Crisis Group,
Popular Protest . . .

 
33
   Ibid.

 
34
   WikiLeaks,
08TUNIS679, CORRUPTION IN TUNISIA: WHAT’S YOURS IS MINE
, US Embassy, Tunis, 23 June 2008.