The Mediterranean Zone (31 page)

Read The Mediterranean Zone Online

Authors: Dr. Barry Sears

BOOK: The Mediterranean Zone
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Food ingredient
:
Apple

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
136

ORAC (100 g)
:
3,049

Food ingredient
:
Raspberry

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
107

ORAC (100 g)
:
5,065

Food ingredient
:
Peach

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
54

ORAC (100 g)
:
1,922

Food ingredient
:
Nectarine

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
20

ORAC (100 g)
:
919

Food ingredient
:
Apricot

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
15

ORAC (100 g)
:
1,100

Food ingredient
:
Pear

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
11

ORAC (100 g)
:
1,746

Vegetables

Food ingredient
:
Artichoke head

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
154

ORAC (100 g)
:
6,552

Food ingredient
:
Red onion

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
99

ORAC (100 g)
:
913

Food ingredient
:
Spinach

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
68

ORAC (100 g)
:
1,513

Food ingredient
:
Broccoli

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
21

ORAC (100 g)
:
1,510

Food ingredient
:
Red lettuce

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
14

ORAC (100 g)
:
2,426

Food ingredient
:
Asparagus

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
11

ORAC (100 g)
:
1,644

Food ingredient
:
Carrot

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
7

ORAC (100 g)
:
697

Legumes

Food ingredient
:
Soybean

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
153

ORAC (100 g)
:
5,409

Food ingredient
:
Black bean

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
36

ORAC (100 g)
:
8,494

Food ingredient
:
White bean

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
31

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Tofu

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
25

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Whole Grain Flours

Food ingredient
:
Flaxseed

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
1,220

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Rye

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
143

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Wheat

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
71

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Oat

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
37

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Nuts and Oils

Food ingredient
:
Chestnut

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
1,215

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Pecan

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
493

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Almond

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
185

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Extra-virgin olive oil

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
33

ORAC (100 g)
:
372

Food ingredient
:
Walnut

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
28

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Beverages

Food ingredient
:
Coffee, filtered

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
105

ORAC (100 g)
:
unknown

Food ingredient
:
Red wine

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
91

ORAC (100 g)
:
3,607

Food ingredient
:
Green tea

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
82

ORAC (100 g)
:
1,128

Food ingredient
:
White wine

Polyphenols (mg/100 g or 100 ml)
:
9

ORAC (100 g)
:
392

Although there is a correlation between ORAC values and polyphenol levels, there is also great variability. This is because ORAC values are measuring both polyphenols and non-polyphenol anti-oxidants. The richest food source of polyphenols is cocoa powder. Although cocoa is really a fruit, I put it into a separate category as chocolate. Cocoa power is not only
among one of the best sources of polyphenols but also one of the most user-friendly food ingredients. But the “best of the best” for polyphenol content appears to be the highly purified extract from the maqui berry, which contains 25 percent by weight of delphinidins. It is the only purified polyphenol (known by the trade name Delphinol) that also has GRAS status as a food additive. Adding Delphinol to cocoa powder gives you “super chocolate” that is great way for making healthy chocolate desserts ideally suited for the Mediterranean Zone.

Appendix H
References
INTRODUCTION

Agus MS, Swain JF, Larson CL, Eckert EA, and Ludwig DS. “Dietary composition and physiologic adaptations to energy restriction.” Am J Clin Nutr 71: 901–907 (2000)

Dumesnil JG, Turgeon J, Tremblay A, Poirier P, Gilbert M, Gagnon L, St-Pierre S, Garneau C, Lemieux I, Pascot A, Bergeron J, and Despres JP. “Effect of a low-glycaemic index—low-fat—high protein diet on the atherogenic metabolic risk profile of abdominally obese men.” Br J Nutr 86: 557–568 (2001)

Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, and Ludwig DS. “Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial.” JAMA 297: 2092–2102 (2007)

Gannon MC and Nuttall FQ. “Control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes without weight loss by modification of diet composition.” Nutr Metab 3: 16 (2006)

Hamdy O and Carver C. “The Why WAIT program: improving clinical outcomes through weight management in type 2 diabetes.” Curr Diab Rep 8: 413–420 (2008)

Johnston CS, Tjonn SL, Swan PD, White A, Hutchins H, and Sears B. “Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets.” Am J Clin Nutr 83: 1055–1061 (2006)

Lasker DA, Evans EM, and Layman DK. “Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial.” Nutr Metab 5: 30 (2008)

Layman DK, Boileau RA, Erickson DJ, Painter JE, Shiue H, Sather C, and Christou DD. “A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women.” J Nutr 133: 411–417 (2003)

Layman DK, Shiue H, Sather C, Erickson DJ, and Baum J. “Increased dietary protein modifies glucose and insulin homeostasis in adult women during weight loss.” J Nutr 133: 405–410 (2003)

Layman DK, Evans EM, Erickson D, Seyler J, Weber J, Bagshaw D, Griel A, Psota T, and Kris-Etherton P. “A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults.” J Nutr 139: 514–521 (2009)

Ludwig DS, Majzoub JA, Al-Zahrani A, Dallal GE, Blanco I, and Roberts SB. “High glycemic index foods, overeating, and obesity.” Pediatrics 103: E26 (1999)

Markovic TP, Campbell LV, Balasubramanian S, Jenkins AB, Fleury AC, Simons LA, and Chisholm DJ. “Beneficial effect on average lipid levels from energy restriction and fat loss in obese individuals with or without type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes Care 21: 695–700 (1998)

Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC, Saeed A, Jordan K, and Hoover H. “The metabolic response of subjects with type 2 diabetes to a high-protein, weight-maintenance diet.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 88: 3577–3583 (2003)

Oates JA. “The 1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.” Science 218: 765–768 (1982)

Pereira MA, Swain J, Goldfine AB, Rifai N, and Ludwig DS. “Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss.” JAMA 292: 2482–2490 (2004)

Sears B.
The Zone
. Regan Books. New York, NY (1995)

Sears B.
The OmegaRx Zone
. Regan Books. New York, NY (2002)

Tollefsbol T (ed).
Epigenetics in Human Disease
. Academic Press. New York, NY (2012)

CHAPTER 1: THE COMING RECKONING

Alzheimer’s Organization. 2013 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. (2013)

Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA, Li G, Nathan DM, Zheng H, Haneuse S, Craft S, Montine TJ, Kahn SE, McCormick W, McCurry SM, Bowen JD, and Larson EB. “Glucose levels and risk of dementia.” N Engl J Med 369: 540–548 (2013)

James BD, Leurgans SE, Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Yaffe K, and Bennett DA. “Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States.” Neurology 82: 1045–1050 (2014)

Holmes C. “Review: systemic inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease.” Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 39: 51–68 (2013)

Mehla J, Chauhan BC, and Chauhan NB. “Experimental induction of type 2 diabetes in aging-accelerated mice triggered Alzheimer-like pathology and memory deficits.” J Alzheimer’s Dis 39: 145–162 (2014)

Ohara T, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hirakawa Y, Hata J, Iwaki T, Kanba S, and Kiyohara Y. “Glucose tolerance status and risk of dementia in the community: the Hisayama study.” Neurology 77: 1126–1134 (2011)

Sears B.
The Zone.
Regan Books. New York, NY (1995)

Spite M, Claria J, and Serhan CN. “Resolvins, specialized proresolving lipid mediators and their potential roles in metabolic diseases.” Cell Metabolism 19: 21–36 (2014)

Wang X, Zhu M, Hjorth E, Cortés-Toro V, Eyjolfsdottir H, Graff C, Nennesmo I, Palmblad J, Eriksdotter M, Sambamurti K, Fitzgerald JM, Serhan CN, Granholm AC, and Schultzberg M. “Resolution of inflammation is altered in Alzheimer’s disease.” Alzheimers Dement 10: doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.024 (2014)

CHAPTER 2: INFLAMMATION: THE REAL REASON WE GAIN WEIGHT, GET SICK, AND AGE FASTER

Alzheimer’s Organization. 2013 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. (2013)

Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, and Stryer L.
Biochemistry, 5th edition
. W.H. Freeman. New York, NY (2002)

Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, Majchrzak SF, and Rawlings RR. “Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century.” Am J Clin Nutr 93: 950–962 (2011)

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