The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World (54 page)

33.
Ibid., 2:373.

34.
Ibid.

35.
Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn.

36.
Herwig,
First World War
, 28–29.

37.
Diary entry dated 2 August 1914. Bernd F. Schulte, “Neue Dokumente zu Kriegsausbruch und Kriegsverlauf 1914,”
Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen
25 (1979): 142.

38.
Evelyn Princess Blücher,
An English Wife in Berlin: A Private Memoir of Events, Politics, and Daily Life in Germany Throughout the War and the Social Revolution of 1918
(London: Constable, 1920), 14.

39.
The following is from Moltke’s notes of November 1914. Moltke, 19–23.

40.
Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn.

41.
Notes by Moltke’s adjutant, Hans von Haeften, dated November 1914.
Helmuth von Moltke 1818–1916. Dokumente zu seinem Leben und Wirken
, ed. Thomas Meyer (Basel: Perseus, 1993), 1:404.

42.
Eugenia C. Kiesling, “France,” in Hamilton and Herwig, eds.,
Origins of World War I
, 227–65.

43.
Robert Doughty,
Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War
(Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 53.

44.
Joffre, 1:128.

45.
John F. V. Keiger,
France and the Origins of the First World War
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983); and Keiger, “France,” in Keith Wilson, ed.,
Decisions for War 1914
(London: UCL Press, 1995), 121–49.

46.
Luigi Albertini,
The Origins of the War of 1914
(London: Oxford University Press, 1952–57), 2:193.

47.
Keiger,
France and the Origins of the First World War
, 153.

48.
Albertini,
Origins of the War of 1914
, 2:536–39.

49.
J. F. V. Keiger,
Raymond Poincaré (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997), 175.

50.
Keiger, “France,” 145.

51.
Ibid., 139–42.

52.
Ibid., 132.

53.
Paul M. Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
(New York: Random House, 1987).

54.
Donald Kagan,
On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace
(New York: Doubleday, 1995), 199, 202–04, 206–14.

55.
David Lloyd George,
War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 1914–1918
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1933–37), 1:57–60.

56.
Wilson, “Britain,” in Wilson, ed.,
Decisions for War
, 200.

57.
Ibid., 188–89. Also J. Paul Harris, “Great Britain,” in Hamilton and Herwig, eds.,
Origins of World War I
, 266–99.

58.
Wilson, “Britain,” 191; Harris, “Great Britain,” 282.

59.
Elie Halévy,
A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century
(New York: Barnes & Noble, 1961), 1:438.

60.
Kagan,
Origins of War
, 202.

61.
Asquith to Stanley, 2 August 1914.
H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 146.

62.
Kagan,
Origins of War
, 202–03.

63.
Keiger,
France and the Origins of the First World War
, 162.

64.
Barbara W. Tuchman,
The Guns of August
(New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), 133.

65.
Wilson, “Britain,” 201–02.

66.
Ibid., 139.

67.
George Allardice Baron Riddell,
Lord Riddell’s War Diary, 1914–1918
(London: Nicholson & Watson, 1933), 6.

68.
Wilson, “Britain,” 199; Harris, “Great Britain,” 286; Bernard Wasserstein,
Herbert Samuel: A Political Life (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1992), 163.

69.
Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates
, 5th Series, 65 (1914): 1809–27; Sir Edward Grey,
Twenty-Five Years, 1892–1916
(London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935), 2:16–17.

70.
Steiner,
Britain and the Origins of the First World War
, 245.

71.
Geiss,
ed., Juli 1914
, 347.

72.
Bernhard von Bülow,
Denkwürdigkeiten
(Berlin: Ulstein, 1931), 4:556.

73.
Wilson, “Britain,” 199.

74.
Lloyd George,
War Memoirs
, 1:32, 59, 52.

75.
Gina von Hötzendorf,
Mein Leben mit Conrad
, 30–31.

76.
Ivan S. Bloch’s six-volume classic,
La guerre
(Paris: Guillaumin, 1898); Engels’s comments from December 1887 in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, eds.,
Werke
(Berlin: Dietz, 1962), 21:350–51.

77.
BA-MA, RM 61/150, Denkschrift über die Ersatzgestellung für das Deutsche Heer von Mitte September bis Ende 1914.

78.
Paul Plaut, “Psychographie des Krieges,”
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für angewandte Psy-chologie
20 (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1920): 10–14.

79.
Herwig,
First World War
, 35, 80.

80.
Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf
(Munich: F. Eher Nachf., 1939), 165.

81.
Joachim Remak,
The Origins of World War I
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), 148.

82.
Herwig,
First World War
, 80.

83.
Asquith to Stanley, 4 August 1914.
Letters to Venetia Stanley
, 150.

84.
John Gooch,
The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy, c. 1900–1916
(New York: Wiley, 1974), 300.

85.
Hew Strachan,
The First World War
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:159–62.

86.
A few among the many include Jean-Jacques Becker,
1914, comment les Françaises sont entrés dans la guerre: contribution à l’étude de l’opinion publique printemps-été 1914
(Paris: Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences publiques, 1977); Wolfgang Kruse,
Krieg und nationale Integration
.
Eine Neuinterpretation des sozialdemokratischen Burgfriedensschlusses 1914/15
(Essen: Klartext, 1993); Thomas Raithel,
Das “Wunder” der inneren Einheit. Studien zur deutschen und französischen Öffentlichkeit bei Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges
(Bonn: Bouvier, 1996); and Jeffrey Verhey,
The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

87.
Verhey,
Spirit of 1914
, 232.

88.
Jon Lawrence, “The Transition to War in 1914,” in
Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, and Berlin, 1914–1919
, eds. Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 139ff.

89.
Fritz Nieser report dated 3 August 1914. GLA, 233 Politische Berichte des Großherzogl. Gesandten in Berlin und München über den Kriegsausbruch 34816.

90.
Axel Varnbüler to Karl von Weizsäcker, 3 August 1914. HStA, M 1/2 Berichte der sächsischen und württembergischen Gesandschaften in Berlin an ihre Regierungen zwischen dem 28. Juni und 5. August 1914, vol. 54.

91.
Kruse,
Krieg und nationale Integration
, 30–41.

92.
Becker,
1914
, 270–357.

93.
Deutsche Quellen zur Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges
, ed. Wolfdieter Bihl (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991), 49.

94.
Diary entries dated 1 and 2 August 1914. BA-MA, MSg 2/4537, Tagebuch Schulin.

95.
SHStA, 11372 Militärgeschichtliche Sammlung Nr. 371, Nachlaß Martin Nestler.

96.
Marc Bloch,
Memoirs of War, 1914–15
(Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1980), 78–79.

97.
Marc Ferro,
The Great War, 1914–1918
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973), 147–49.

98.
Letter to his wife, Helene, dated 23 August 1914. BA-MA, N 43, Nachlaß Groener, folder 31.

99.
Diary entry dated 1 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50635, Tagebuch v. Falkenhayn.

CHAPTER
2.
“Let Slip the Dogs of War”

1.
George F. Kennan,
The Decline of Bismarck’s European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 1875–1890
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 3.

2.
Henry Kissinger,
Diplomacy
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 201ff.

3.
Arden Bucholz,
Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning
(New York and Oxford: Berg, 1991), 109ff.

4.
Gerhard Ritter,
Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk. Das Problem des “Militarismus” in Deutschland
(Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1965), 2:244.