The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World (52 page)

Read The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World Online

Authors: Holger H. Herwig

Tags: #History, #Military, #World War I, #Marne, #France, #1st Battle of the, #1914

BOOK: The Marne, 1914: The Opening of World War I and the Battle That Changed the World
8.45Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub

For France, Dr. Stephanie Cousineau of the University of Northern British Columbia conducted research at the Service Historique de la Défense (SHD), formerly the Service historique de l’armée de terre, at the Château de Vincennes. Its vast holdings include the formal correspondence between the War Ministry (Messimy, Millerand) and the Grand quartier général (Joffre), as well as that for the military governor of Paris (Galliéni) for August and September 1914. Specifically, the personal collections researched were K 79 boxes 1 and 2, K 88 box 1, K 93 box 1, K 97 boxes 1, 2, 4, and 5, K 268 box 1, and K 802 box 1; the general collections included 5 N 66, 6 N 9, 7 N 4, 16 N 1551 as well as 1552 and 1674, 19 N 1142 and 1539, 21 N 15, 22 N 99 and 420, and 24 N 385 and 468. A good deal of the this material was published between 1922 and 1937 in the French official history,
Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre
(see below). Most important for this book were the narrative volumes (1, 2, and 3) of
tome
1, the single annex of documents for volume 1, the two annexes for volume 2, and the four annexes for volume 3. SHD at Vincennes also houses a vast treasure trove of private
papiers
of many of the commanding generals of 1914. The most important are those for Fabry, Ferry, Foch, Grasset, Joffre, Journée, Regnault, Pétain, Pierrefeu, Pugens, and Ruffey; as well, there is the George Collection dealing with the Battle of Mulhouse; the Papiers Sauve (170th Infantry Regiment) in the Archives de Castelnau; and the Papiers Ferry (Grand Couronné). It is a mixed bag at best: some are repetitious, others mere summaries of battle orders, and many are postwar self-justifications and scurrilous attacks on Joffre.

Dr. Cousineau also researched war letters of common soldiers at the Historial de la Grande Guerre at the Château de Péronne and at the Document Service of Le Mémorial de Verdun. The massive, annotated collection of war letters by Jean Norton Cru was recently reprinted:
Témoins: Essai d’analyse et de critique des souvenirs de combatants édités en français de 1915 à 1928
(Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 2006). Other published collections of war letters include
La dernière lettre écrite par des soldats français tombés au champ d’honneur, 1914–1918
(Paris: Flammarion,
1921); Paroles de poilus: lettres et carnets du front 1914–1918
, eds. Jean-Pierre Guéno and Yves Laplume (Paris: Librio, 1998);
Les violettes des tranchées: lettres d’un poilu qui
n’aimait pas la guerre
, ed. Étienne Tanty (Paris: Éditions-Italiques, 2002);
“Si je reviens comme je l’espère”: lettres du front et de l’arrière
, eds. Madeleine and Antoine Bosshard (Paris: B. Gras-set, 2003); and
Mon papa en guerre: lettres de poilus, mots d’enfants 1914–1918
, ed. Jean-Pierre Guéno (Paris: Librio, 2004).

Of course, military historians for a long time have had access to official as well as semiofficial histories of the Great War undertaken by the warring nations after 1918. These include:

Baden.
Die Badener im Weltkrieg 1914/1918
, ed. Wilhelm Müller-Loebnitz (Karlsruhe: G. Braun, 1935).
Bavaria.
Die Bayern im Großen Krieg 1914–1918. Auf Grund der amtlichen Kriegsakten dargestellt
(Munich: Verlag des Bayerischen Kriegsarchivs, 1923), 3 vols.
——.
Das Bayernbuch vom Weltkriege 1914–1918. Ein Volksbuch
, ed. Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen (Stuttgart: Chr. Belser, 1930), 2 vols.
——.
Die Schlacht in Lothringen und in den Vogesen. Die Feuertaufe der Bayerischen Armee
, ed. Karl Deuringer (Munich: Max Schick, 1929), 2 vols.
Belgium.
La campagne de l’armée belge (31 juillet 1914–1er janvier 1915) d’après les documents officials
(Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1915). In English:
The War of 1914: Military Operations of Belgium in Defence of the Country and to Uphold Her Neutrality: Report Compiled by the Commander-in-Chief of the Belgian Army, for the Period July 31st to December 31st, 1914
(London: W. H. & L. Collingridge, 1915).
France. Armée. Service historique.
Les armées françaises dans la grande guerre
(Paris: Imprimerie nationale 1922–37), 11
tomes
and 111 annexes.
Germany. Marine-Archiv.
Der Krieg in der Nordsee
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921–37), 6 vols.
——. Reichsarchiv.
Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1925–56), 14 vols.
——.
Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Kriegsrüstung und Kriegswirtschaft
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1930), 2 vols.
——.
Schlachten des Weltkrieges in Einzeldarstellungen
(Oldenburg and Berlin: Gerhard Stalling, 1921–33), 38 vols.
——.
Der Sanitätsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege 1914/1918
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934–38), vol. 2.
——.
Sanitätsbericht über das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), vol. 3.
——. Great Britain.
History of the Great War: Military Operations
, ed. J. E. Edmonds (London: Macmillan, 1922–48), 23 vols.
——.
History of the Great War: Naval Operations
, eds. J. Corbett and H. Newbolt (London: Longmans, Green, 1920–31), 5 vols.
——. Saxony.
Sachsen in großer Zeit. Gemeinverständliche sächsische Kriegsgeschichte und vaterländisches Gedenkwerk des Weltkrieges
, ed. Johann Edmund Hottenroth (Leipzig: R. Max Lippold, 1923), 3 vols.
——.
Die Marneschlacht insbesondere auf der Front der deutschen dritten Armee
, ed. Artur Baumgarten-Crusius (Leipzig: Lippold, 1919).
Württemberg.
Württembergs Heer im Weltkrieg
(Stuttgart: Berger, 1939), 20 vols.

Additionally, some contemporary documents were published in the United States:
Source Records of the Great War
, ed. Charles F. Horne (USA: National Alumni, 1923), 7 vols. Two compilations stand out for France:
Histoire illustrée de la guerre de 1914
, ed. Gabriel Hanotaux (Paris: Gounouilhou, 1915–24), 17 vols.; and
La grande guerre sur le front occidental
, ed. Barthélemy Edmond Palat (Paris: Chapelot, 1917–29), 14 vols.

The principal leaders of the governments and armies of 1914 also left a flood of memoirs and personal papers. The most important Belgian works include those of King Albert I,
Les carnets de guerre d’Albert 1er, roi des Belges
(Brussels: C. Dessart, 1953); of his military advisers, Antonin Selliers de Moranville,
Du haut de la tour de Babel: Commentaire sur la preparation à la guerre et la situation stratégique de la Belgique en 1914
(Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1925); Louis de Ryckel,
Mémoires du lieutenant général Baron de Ryckel
(Paris: Chapelot, 1920); Émile J. Galet,
Albert, King of the Belgians, in the Great War
(New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1931); and of the commandant at Liège, Gérard Leman,
La rapport du général Leman sur la défense de Liège en août 1914
(Brussels: Palais des academies, 1960).

Britain’s statesmen and soldiers likewise did not spare with their reminiscences. Important collections include John French,
1914
(London: Constable, 1919), 2 vols.; Douglas Haig,
War Diaries and Letters, 1914–1918
, eds. Gary Sheffield and John Bourne (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005); David Lloyd George,
War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, 1914–1918
(London: Nicholson & Watson, 1933–36), 6 vols.; Archibald Murray,
Sir Archibald Murray’s Despatches
(London and Toronto: J. M. Dent, 1920); Horace L. Smith-Dorrien,
Memories of Forty-Eight Years’ Service
(London: J. Murray, 1925);
Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries
, ed. C. E. Callwell (London: Cassell, 1927), 2 vols.; Winston S. Churchill,
The World Crisis
(New York: Scribner, 1923–31), 6 vols.; and
H. H. Asquith: Letters to Venetia Stanley
, eds. Michael Brock and Eleanor Brock (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).

For France, the most important works on military matters include Yvon Dubail,
Quatre années de commandement, 1914–18: Journal de campagne
(Paris: Fournier, 1920); Louis Conneau,
Historique des corps de cavalerie commandés par le général Conneau du 13 août 1914 au 2 mars 1917
(Paris: Plon, 1924); Émile Fayolle,
Cahiers secrets de la grande guerre
(Paris: Plon, 1964); Ferdinand Foch,
Mémoires pour server à l’histoire de la guerre de 1914–1918
(Paris: Plon, 1931), 2 vols.; Joseph Galliéni,
Mémoires du maréchal Galliéni: défense du Paris (25 août–11 septembre 1914)
(Paris: Payot, 1920); Charles Julien Huguet,
Britain and the War: A French Indictment
(London: Cassell, 1928); Joseph Joffre,
Mémoires du maréchal Joffre (1910–1917)
(Paris: Plon, 1932), 2 vols.; Fernand de Langle de Cary,
Souvenirs de commandement, 1914–1916
(Paris, Payot, 1935); Charles Lanrezac,
Le plan de campagne français et le premier mois de la guerre (2 août–3 septembre 1914)
(Paris: Payot, 1921); Charles Mangin,
Lettres de guerre, 1914–1918
(Paris: Fayard, 1950); Adolphe Messimy,
Mes souvenirs
(Paris: Plon, 1937); Raymond Poincaré,
Au service de la France—neuf années de souvenirs
(Paris: Plon, 1926–33), 10 vols.; and Poincaré,
Comment fut déclarée la guerre de 1914
(Paris: Flammarion, 1939).

German commanders spent much of the decade of the 1920s writing memoirs to justify their actions during the war in general, and during the campaign of 1914 in particular. Those of the chiefs of the General Staff include the (posthumously published) recollections of Chief of the General Staff
Helmuth von Moltke. Erinnerungen, Briefe, Dokumente, 1877–1916. Ein Bild vom Kriegsausbruch, erster Kriegsführung und Persönlichkeit des ersten militärischen Führers des Krieges
, ed. Eliza von Moltke (Stuttgart: Der Kommende Tag, 1922);
Helmuth von Moltke, 1848–1916. Dokumente zu seinem Leben und Wirken
, ed. Thomas Meyer (Basel: Perseus Verlag, 1993), 2 vols.; and Erich von Falkenhayn,
Die Oberste Heeresleitung, 1914–1916, in ihren wichtigsten Entschliessungen
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920).

The collections by army commanders include Crown Prince Wilhelm,
Meine Erinnerungen aus Deutschlands Heldenkampf (Berlin:
E. S. Mittler, 1923); Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria,
Mein Kriegstagebuch
(Munich: Deutscher National Verlag, 1929), 3 vols.; Karl von Bülow,
Mein Bericht zur Marneschlacht
(Berlin: A. Scherl, 1919); Karl von Einem,
Erlebnisse und Betrachtungen aus der Zeit des Weltkrieges
(Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1919), and
Ein Armeeführer erlebt den Weltkrieg. Persönliche Aufzeichnungen
(Leipzig: Hase & Koehler, 1938); Max von Gallwitz,
Meine Führertätigkeit im Weltkriege 1914/16
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1929); Max von Hausen,
Erinnerungen an den Marnefeldzug 1914
(Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1920), and
Generaloberst Max Freiherr von Hausen, ein deutscher Soldat. Nach seinen Tagebüchern, Aufzeichnungen und Briefen
, ed. Artur Brabant (Dresden: v. Baensch, 1926); and Alexander von Kluck,
Der Marsch auf Paris und die Marneschlacht 1914
(Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1920). Some diaries and letters from the kaiser’s military entourage have recently been sorted and edited by Holger Afflerbach,
Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Oberster Kriegsherr im Ersten Weltkrieg. Quellen aus der militärischen Umgebung des Kaisers 1914–1918
(Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2005).

Other books

Slaying is Such Sweet Sorrow by Patricia Harwin
The Messengers by Edward Hogan
What the Dead Want by Norah Olson
By The Howling by Olivia Stowe
Hot Schemes by Sherryl Woods
A Dash of Style by Noah Lukeman