The Map That Changed the World (37 page)

founding members of, 224–25

rival map to WS’s produced by, 228–38

size of, 224

smaller map by WS hung at, 144–45

William Smith Award of, 170
n
–71
n

Wollaston Medal of, 281–83,
283,
286–89

WS belatedly honored by, 238, 279–80, 286–89

WS denied membership in, 211, 223, 225–26, 228, 279, 286

WS’s first map hung at, 128

WS’s geological map hung at, xv–xviii, 220, 300–301

WS’s geological map viewed by delegation from, 222–23, 227–28

WS’s “Table of Strata” preserved at,
135,
289 Geological Survey of Ireland, 295

geological time, 64, 68, 134

divisions of, 168
n, 302

geology:

class differences and, 200, 220–21, 225–26, 228, 232–33

early reference works on, 93–95

early theoretical work in, 68–69

first use of term, 25
n

importance of WS’s map to, xvi–xvii, xix, 7–8

religious dogma challenged by, 24–26

Rugborne Farm as birthplace of, 61,
62

social effects of, 16

as three-dimensional science, 73–74

WS outpaced by advances in, 292–93

WS’s introduction to, 27–34

see also
stratification

George III, King of England, 22, 51

grace-and-favor lodgings, 203

Great Oolite, 185

Greene, Richard, 110

Greenough, George Bellas, 225, 227, 266, 283, 287
n,
300

background of, 223

character of, 232–33

as Geological Society president, 223, 237
n,
284

reputation of, 284

WS’s battle with, 232–33

WS’s map plagiarized by, 228–38

WS’s map viewed by, 222–23, 227–28

Greenough’s Liver Pills, 223

Gregory, Richard, 157

Gregory Mine, 200

Greville, Charles, 247

Grub-Street Journal,
23

guinea, 61
n

Hackness, 191, 276–78,
277,
286, 287, 291, 300

Hall, Sir James, 226, 227, 228

Hardwicke, Lord, 217

Hargreaves, James, 17
n

Harris, Cornelius, 61

Harrison, George, 252

Hastings, Selina, 129

Hastings, Warren, 22
n,
55–56

Hatchett, Charles, 247

Henry VIII, King of England, 243

Hercynian orogemy, 48

Herschel, Sir William, 123

Hickling Marshes, 207

High Littleton, 59, 60, 61, 62,
62,
68, 75, 84

High Littleton Coal Company, 61

highwaymen, 96
n

Highways Trust, 129

Historic and Local New Bath Guide, The,
126–27

History of Bath
(Warner), 148

Hooke, Robert, 37–38, 39

Houlton, Joseph, 130

House of Commons, 223, 248–49, 256, 296–99,
296

see also
Parliament, British

House of Lords, 43

see also
Parliament, British

Hume, Sir Abraham, 225

Huskisson, William, 246

Hutton, James, 68–69

Huxley, Thomas, 182, 300

Ice Age, 295 ichthyosaurs, 108,
108,
111, 112

“improving farmer,” 151

India, 55

Industrial Revolution, 17, 45

Inferior Oolite, 173, 185

Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth, An
(Whitehurst), 94

Ireland, 129, 160, 265–66, 295

iron production, 17–18

Jermyn, Henry, 216

Jessop, William, 85–86

Johnes, Thomas, 196

Johnson, Percival, 282
n

Johnson, Samuel, 21, 22, 110, 139

Johnstone, Sir John Vanden Bempde, 277–78, 279, 286

Johnstone family, 276–77,
277

Jones, Lady Elizabeth, 57, 58, 60, 61–62, 85, 114

Jones, Sir William, 57
n,
60

Journey Through Spain
(Townsend), 130

Jura Mountains, 176

Jurassic period, 33
n,
87
n,
165–67, 176–91, 216

Lower, 108, 115, 131, 141, 173, 180, 181–82, 189

Middle, 53, 82, 109, 115–16,
116,
121, 173, 177, 180–90, 208, 298

origin of name, 176

outcrop of rocks from, 176,
178

Upper, 179, 198

Kennet and Avon Canal, 83, 86, 127, 207, 243

Kent, 94

King’s Bench Prison:

Commitment Book of, 255, 261

WS incarcerated in,
3,
5–6, 148, 236, 255–61,
259

Kitten, Mrs. (housekeeper), 205, 206, 227 Korea, 69
n

lamp shells, 32

Lansdown (landowner), 50

lapides sui generis,
35

Laugharne, 208
n

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 36
n

Leioceras opalinum,
173–74,
173

Lewis, James, 225

Lewis, Thomas, 111

Lias epoch, 168
n,
173, 180

Lias rock, 87–88, 115, 117, 143, 181

limestone, 53, 66, 114, 180

oolitic, 82, 115, 121, 131, 143, 183–87, 243–44, 289

Westminster Palace rebuilt with, 296–98,
296

Lincoln, Abraham, 22n

Lingula,
71–72, 74

literacy, 22

Liverpool, Lord, 218

Lloyd George, David, 42, 154

Lobothyris,
33,
33

London, xviii, xix, 9, 10, 15, 53, 93, 95, 108, 122, 140, 149, 202, 264, 266, 267, 271, 280, 284, 290

description of, 1–2

WS’s house and apartments in, 5, 6–7, 203–5,
205,
242, 245, 259, 262

London Clay Club, 111

Longman’s, 235

“long pound,” 29

Lowndes, William, 247, 250

Luddites, 17
n

Lunar Society, 24
n

Lyme Regis, 108, 109

Malm epoch, 173
n

Malthus, Thomas, 123, 198

Map of Love, The
(Thomas), 208
n

Mearns Pit and Colliery, 62–64,
63,
65–68, 70, 82, 84

Mesozoic era, 168
n

Michell, John, 94–95

mineralogy, 224–25

Minsmere Drainage Scheme, 208

Miocene epoch, 176
n

Moll, Gerard, 295

Monmouthshire Canal Act (1792), 51

Monthly Magazine,
267

Morton, John, 93 mountain-building, 36, 48–49, 68, 71
n

mudstones, 71

Murchison, Sir Roderick, 240, 278, 284, 286, 294

Natural History Museum, London, 108, 111, 239–41

WS’s fossil collection sold to, 240–41, 245–50

Natural History of the Earth
(Woodward), 94

Naylor, W., 126, 128

Neptunism, 226, 230

New and Correct English Atlas, The
(Cary), 140, 142

Newcomen, Thomas, 46

New Cyclopaedia
(Rees), 198, 230, 267

Newton, Sir Isaac, 289

Noah’s flood, 39, 40, 214

Nobel, Alfred, 282

Noble, Matthew, 300

Norfolk, 213

Northallerton, 9

Northamptonshire
(Morton), 93

Northanger Abbey
(Austen), 121

North Carolina, 253

Notes on the History of English Geology
(Fitton), 267–68

Observations on the Different Strata of Earths and Minerals
(Strachey), 89
n,
93

Observations on the Utility, Form and Management of Water Meadows
(Smith), 209
n

Old Red Sandstone, 68

oolitic limestone, 82, 115, 121, 131, 143, 183–87, 243–44, 289

“Order of the Strata and their embedded

Organic Remains, in the vicinity of Bath”(Smith), 131–36,
135,
148, 289

Ordnance Survey, 211

“Original Sketch and Observations of my First Subterranean Survey of Mearns Colliery in the Parish of High Littleton” (Smith), 65–68

Orlov, Count Alexei, 252–53

Osborne, Roger, 98–99, 100

Ouse Navigation Canal, 207

Overton, 200, 201

Oxford clay, 142

Oxfordshire
(Plot), 93

Oxford University, 27
n,
57
n,
109, 188, 245, 293,
293

Ashmolean Museum of, 35, 179

University Museum of, 54, 64, 65

Packe, Christopher, 94

Paine, Thomas, 22

paleogeography, 115–17

Paleozoic era, 64

Palmer, Samborne, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98–99, 100

Pangea, 48, 175

Parliament, British, 129, 196, 246, 255

canal and navigation acts passed by, 44, 51, 93, 140

enclosure acts passed by, 18

mineral collection purchased by, 247

and rebuilding of Westminster Palace, 296–99,
296

see also
House of Commons; House of Lords “pendle,” 187

Pennine Hills, 47 periods, 168
n

Perkins, Richard, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101

Permian limestone, 296–99

Permian period, 48, 174–76

Permo-Triassic period, 134 Phanerozoic eon, 168
n, 302

Phillips, Elizabeth Smith (WS’s sister), 27, 245
n

Phillips, John (WS’s brother-in-law), 245
n

Phillips, John (WS’s nephew), 27
n,
247, 248, 259, 261, 263, 275, 284, 287
n,
299

biography of WS written by, 131–32, 201, 204, 220, 228, 245
n,
269–70, 272, 278, 295

career of, 27
n,
245, 292

WS’s relationship with, 244–45

Phillips, Richard and William, 224

Philosophical Magazine,
267

phlogiston, theory of, 36

Pickwick Papers, The
(Dickens), 122

Place, Francis, 204

Playfair, John, 111

Pleistocene epoch, 176
n

plesiosaurs, 109,
109

Plot, Robert, 33, 93

Poland, 48

Pope, Alexander, 157

Portland Screw, 179–80

Portland stone, 179

pound stones, 28–31,
31,
33, 36, 93
n

Precambrian epoch, 176
n

Priestley, J. B., 185

Priestley, Joseph, 24, 123

Prisley Bog, 209

prisons,
see
debtors’ prisons

pterodactyls, 109

“pundibs,” 32, 133

Pythagoras, 34

Quakers, 195, 224

Rack, Edmund, 122

Radford, Emma Louise, 154

Radstock Line, 85, 86, 88
n

railways, 79–83, 246
n

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 16
n

Rawthmell, John, 37

red marlstone, 66, 67, 72, 82, 84, 87, 115

Rees, Abraham, 198, 230, 267

Rennie, John, 85, 258

Reynolds, William, 136

Rheic Ocean, 48

Richardson, Benjamin, 114, 115, 124, 128–36, 144, 157–58, 161, 225, 245
n,
289

background of, 130

fossil collection of, 130–31

WS cautioned about plagiarism by, 146–47, 156

WS’s “Table of Strata” dictated to, 131–36

rocks:

Hutton’s theory of, 69

names of, 179

Neptunist theory of, 226, 230

strata of,
see
stratification

WS’s naming of, 142, 151
n

Rome, ancient, 121

Roope (WS’s assistant), 211

Royal Society, 35, 200, 202, 204, 227, 266

Rugborne Farm, WS’s home at, 60–61,
62,
64, 74, 95, 101, 300

Russell, Francis,
see
Bedford, Francis Russell, fifth duke of

Russia, Imperial, 252–53

St. Aubyn, Sir John, 110

Saint Peter’s Church, 299–300

sandstone, 71, 115, 119

Scarborough, 271–76, 291

Scarborough City Museum, 274–75,
274

Scarborough Philosophical Society, 275, 278

Scotland, 68

Scriptural Geology
(Young), 112

seat earth, 72

sea urchins, 30–31,
31

Sedgwick, Adam, 270, 278, 279, 284, 286, 287, 288–89

sheepshearings, 152, 154–55, 201, 210

Sheffield, 273

Shipley, William, 196

Siccar Point, 68

Silurian period, 68, 278

Sinclair, Sir John, 199, 211

smectite, 105

Smith, Ann (WS’s mother), 12, 16, 27

Smith, Charles, 296 Smith, Daniel (WS’s brother), 27

Smith, Elizabeth (WS’s sister), 27, 245
n

Smith, John (WS’s brother), 27

Smith, John (WS’s father), 12, 16, 27, 241

Smith, Mary Ann (WS’s wife), 9, 212–13, 226
n,
259–60, 261, 263, 290

death of, 212, 213, 294
n