The Lessons of History (15 page)

Lombards,
28

London,
53
,
54

Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715),
70

Lucretius (96?–55
B.C
),
43

Luther, Martin (1483–1546),
23
,
40
,
71

Lycurgus (9th century
B.C.
),
29

Macedonia,
27
,
75

machines and mechanization,
39
,
47
,
54
,
58

Madras,
29

Magna Carta,
76

Maistre, Comte Joseph de (1753–1821),
51

majorities and minorities,
35
,
55
,
70
,
92

Málaga, Greek colony at,
29

Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834),
21
–22

Mandura,
29

Manichaean religion,
46

manners,
70
,
87
,
96

Mantua, Duke of (fl. c. 1520–50),
40

Mao Tse-tung (1893– ),
35

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161–180),
42
,
69
,
86

Marius, Caius (157–86
B.C.
),
39
,
56
,
69

Marseilles, Greek colony at,
29

Marx, Karl (1818–83),
35
,
52
,
53
,
65
,
66
,
77

Mayan culture,
28

Medici, house of,
53
,
54
medicine,
96

Mediterranean peoples,
27
,
28
,
75

Mediterranean Sea,
16
,
27
,
29
,
75

Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure
(Cleland),
40

Menés, King of Egypt (r. c. 3500
B.C.
),
44

Mesopotamia,
15

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564),
48

Middle Ages,
44
,
95

Milan,
28

Miletus,
29

Moguls,
53

Mohammed (570–632),
29
,
35

Mohammedans (Moslems),
24
,
29
,
53
,
83

Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–1673).
100

Monaco, Greek colony at,
29

monarchy,
68
–70,
75
,
76

money,
54
,
71
,
72
,
74
,
76
,
91

Mongols,
53
,
83

monogamy,
38

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–1592),
40

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de (1689–1755),
5

Moors,
53

morals,
31
,
35
,
37
–42,
60
,
70

     and religion,
43
–51,
93
,
96

     contemporary relaxation of,
42
,
52
,
88
,
95
,
96
,
99

     and the state,
81
,
87

Morgans of New York,
54

Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872),
35

Moses,
44

Moslems,
see
M
OHAMMEDANS

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91),
41

Münster, Westphalia,
65

Münzer, Thomas (1489?–1525),
64
–65

music,
64
,
97

Mycenaea,
29

Mytilene,
75

Naples, Greek colony at,
29

Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815),
35
,
43
,
49
,
90

Napoleonic Wars,
28

nationalism,
45
,
53
,
82

Negroes,
30

Neolithic Age,
38

Nero, Emperor of Rome (r. 54–68),
69

Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Emperor of Rome (r. 96–98),
69

Netherlands, the,
84

New England,
31

New Zealand,
84

Nice, Greek colony at,
29

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900),
23
,
88
,
93

Nineveh,
40

Nordic race,
27
–28

Normans,
27
–28,
30

North America,
22
,
25
,
28
,
30
,
84

Norway,
79

Notre Dame de Paris,
100

Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome (r. 715–673
B.C.
),
44

Nuremberg,
53

Octavius,
see
A
UGUSTUS

oligarchy,
70
,
73
,
74
,
75

Oscans,
27

“Ozymandias” (Shelley),
87

Pacific Ocean,
16

paganism,
50

painting,
97

     
see also
ART

Palestine,
29

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–1594),
97

Palmyra,
16

pantheism,
47

Paris,
49
,
54

     and French Revolution,
47
,
53
,
72
,
73

Parthenon,
52
,
97
,
100

Pascal, Blaise (1623–62),
14

Passing of the Great Race, The
(Grant),
27

Pasteur, Louis (1822–95),
35

Paul, Saint (d. 67?),
26

Pax Romana,
57
,
69

Péguy, Charles Pierre (1873–1914),
12

Peloponnesian War,
27
,
39
,
73

Pentateuch,
60

Pericles (495?–429
B.C.
),
73
,
100
,
101

Persepolis,
97

Persia,
27
,
53

Peru,
63
–64

Petra,
16

Petronius, Caius (d. 66?),
43

Philip II, King of Macedon (r. 350–336
B.C.
),
75

Philippines,
84

philosophy,
39
,
62
,
88
,
94
,
97

     history and,
12
–13

     and religion,
45
,
46
,
49
,
93

Phoenicia,
29

Phrygians,
27

Pisa,
16
,
92

Pitt, William (The Elder),
see
Earl of C
HATHAM

Pius VII (Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti), Pope (r. 1800–23),
49

Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541),
64

Plato (427?–347
B.C.
),
16
,
34
,
48
,
93
,
94

     political views,
73
–76

Plutarch (46?–?120),
55

Poland,
68

Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello, Marqués de (1699–1782),
64

Pompey the Great (106–48
B.C.
),
39
,
76

Pope, Alexander (1688–1744),
68

population,
21
–22,
66

Portugal,
64

Presbyterians,
47
–48

prices and price control,
59
–61

progress,
95
–102

     definition of,
97
–98

proletariat,
76

prostitution,
40

Protagoras (5th century
B.C.
),
93

Protestantism,
76

Protestant Reformation,
see
R
EFORMATION

Protestant sects,
47

Ptolemies,
59
–60

Puchberg, Michael (fl. 1788),
41

puritanism,
50

race,
25
–31,
79

Reformation, Protestant,
24
,
47
,
49
,
57
,
64

Reggio Calabria, Greek colony at,
29

religion,
31
,
43
–51,
51
,
93
,
95
,
96
,
99

Religious Wars, French,
45
,
82

Renaissance,
16
,
28
,
40
,
53
,
95
,
101

Renan, Ernest (1823–92),
50
,
69

Republic
(Plato),
73
–74

Restoration England,
40
,
65

revolution,
54
,
71
,
72
,
74
,
75

Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis de, Cardinal (1585–1642),
68

Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758–94),
49

Roman Catholic Church,
23
,
46
,
49
,
57
,
71
,
89
,
96

     in the U.S.,
23
,
48

     and the state,
44
,
45

     in France,
47
,
50

Rome (empire),
23
,
39
,
40
,
44
,
75
,
76
,
99

     fall of,
21
,
27
,
42
,
54

     civilization of,
28
,
29
,
79
,
94

     morals in,
40
,
41
,
76

     conquest of Egypt,
52
–53,
60

     class strife in,
55
–57,
69

     socialism in,
60
–61

     and the Pax Romana,
69
,
86

     conquest of Greece,
73

Rosenberg, Alfred (1893–1946),
26

Rothschild family,
54

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78),
49
,
53
,
70
,
77
,
93

Russia,
16
,
53
,
65
,
66
,
71
,
98

     Communist society,
20
,
51

     early history,
27
–28

     industrialization of,
83

Russian Revolution,
53
,
65
,
66
,
71

Sahara,
15

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de (1760–1825),
89
–90

Salamis, Battle of (480
B.C.
),
16

Sanskrit,
27

Sappho (b. 612?
B.C.
),
29

Saxons,
27
,
30

Scandinavia,
27
,
84

Scarlatti, Domenico (1685–1757),
41

science,
12
,
60
,
62
,
99

     and religion,
39
,
47

     and war,
49
,
82
,
95
–96

sculpture,
97

Scythians,
27

Semites,
29

September Massacres (1792),
53
,
72

serfdom,
61
,
65

Seven Years' War,
82

sex,
22
,
35
,
36
,
38
,
39
,
42
,
88
,
96

Shakespeare, William (1564–1616),
100

Shamash,
44

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822),
87

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751–1816),
100

Sicily,
28

Sistine Chapel,
48

slavery,
44
,
45
,
54
,
62
,
72
,
76
,
92

social contract,
90

socialism,
52
,
58
–67,
88
,
89
,
90

Socrates (470?–399
B.C.
),
39
,
73

Solon (638?–?558
B.C.
),
29
,
55
–56,
57
,
73

Sophists,
41
,
49

South America,
30
,
53
,
84

Spain,
24
,
53
,
64
,
83

Spanish Armada,
16

Sparta,
27
,
29

Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903),
93

Spengler, Oswald (1880–1936),
89
–90,
91

states, rise of,
90
–91

Study of History, A
(Toynbee),
69
*

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (138–78
B.C.
),
39

Sumeria,
13
,
59

Sweden,
79