The Lessons of History (14 page)

Danes,
30

Dante Alighieri (1265–1321),
26

Dardanelles,
52

Declaration of Independence,
19

Declaration of the Rights of Man,
19

deists, English,
47

Delian Confederacy,
52

democracy,
52
,
58
,
69
–81
passim;
in Athens,
26
,
73
–75

     and concentration of wealth,
55
,
70

     in America,
72
, 77–79

     and education,
79

Democritus (fl. 400
B.C.
),
93

Demosthenes (385?—322
B.C.
),
100

Denmark,
79

Descartes, René (1596–1650),
97

Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94),
28

dictatorship,
75
,
76
,
79

Diderot, Denis (1713–84),
93
,
100

Diocletian, Emperor of Rome (r. 284–305),
60
–61

Diogenes (412?–323
B.C.
),
93

Domitian, Emperor of Rome (r. 81–96),
69

Donation of Constantine,
45

Donne, John (1573–1631),
46

Dorians,
27
,
29

drama,
73
,
100

Dravidic peoples,
28
–29

Durazzo, Greek colony at,
29

Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528),
53

East, the,
23
,
53
,
67
,
96
,
100

economic development,
20
,
58
,
63
,
71
,
77

     three stages in history of,
37
–39

economics and history of man,
52
–57

     
see also
C
APITALISM

     S
OCIALISM

Edictum de pretiis
(Diocletian),
60

Edison, Thomas Alva (1847–1931),
35

education,
22
,
99

     and intelligence,
23
,
78

     and race hate,
31

     and religion,
39
,
48
,
49
,
92

     in
11
th-century China,
63

     government support of,
66
–67,
79

     and civilization,
94
, iqi

Egypt,
13
,
29
,
97

     geographical advantages,
15
,
25
,
90

     religion of,
44
,
49

     Roman conquest of,
52
,
60

     state-controlled economy of,
59
–60

Engels, Friedrich (1820–95),
65

England,
16
,
27
,
28
,
84
,
91
,
100

     economic aspects,
16
,
20
,
22
,
72
,
98

     and France,
21
,
82

     and Western civilization,
30
,
31
,
83
,
84

     morals and religion in,
40
,
42
,
47
,
50

     and Levellers' Utopian aims,
65

     democracy in,
79
,
84
,
99

English people,
27
,
28
,
30
,
34
,
82

Enlightenment, French,
24
,
47
,
101

Enlightenment, Greek,
49

Ephesus,
29

Epicurus (342?–270
B.C.
),
93

equality and freedom, opposites,
20

Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?–1536),
71

Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines
(Gobineau),
25

Essay on Population
(Malthus),
21

Etruria,
29

Europe,
16
,
40
,
82
–84,
94
,
96
,
99

     birth rate in,
22
,
28

     racial
differences in,
27
–29

     morals and religion in,
29
,
39
,
40
,
93

     
see also
W
ESTERN
E
UROPE

evolution,
18
,
34

Eyck, Hubert van (1366?–1426),
97
Eyck, Jan van (1370?–1440),
97

False Decretals,
45

Farinelli, Carlo Broschi (1705–82),
41

Florence,
16
,
28
,
53
,
54

food supply and population,
21
–22

Ford, Henry (1863–1947),
35

Fox, Charles James (1749–1806),
71
,
100

France,
16
,
21
,
27
,
28
,
70
,
82
,
83
,
84
,
100

     population and food supply,
21
–22

     and the Church,
23
,
24
,
45
,
48
–51

     Religious Wars of,
45
,
82

Franks,
21
,
27
,
28

Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (r. 1740–86), 12,
82
,
100

freedom and equality, opposites,
20

French Revolution,
19
,
28
,
53
,
57
,
70
,
71
,
72

     religious issue in,
47
,
50

     and September Massacres,
53
,
72

     Wars of the,
82

French Revolution, The
(Taine),
72
*

Fugger family,
54

Gama, Vasco da (1469?–1524),
16

gambling,
40

Gaul,
21
,
27
,
28

Genghis Khan, Mongol ruler (r. 1206–1227),
46
,
83

Genoa,
16

geography and history,
15
–17,
29
,
30

geology and history,
14

Germany,
15
,
21
,
23
,
27
,
64
,
65
,
85

     food supply and birth rate,
22

     racist theories,
26
–27

     the Church and Thirty Years' War,
45

     West Germany,
84

Gibbon, Edward (1737–94),
41
,
69
,
100

Gobineau, Comte Joseph-Arthur de 1816–82),
25

God, death of,
47
,
48
,
49

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832),
90

Golden Rule,
84

Gordon riots (London, 1780),
53

Goths,
27

government and history,
68
–80

Gracchus, Caius Sempronius (153–121
B.C.
),
56
,
69
,
76

Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (162?–133
B.C.
),
56
,
69

Grant, Madison (1865–1937),
27
–28

Great Britain,
see
E
NGLAND

Greece,
23
,
34
,
52
,
94

     colonies of,
16
,
29

     conquest of,
23
,
27
,
76

     culture and civilization,
28
,
29
,
93
,
94
,
97
,
101

     morals and religion,
40
,
41
,
49
,
93

     political struggles in,
73
–75

     
see also
A
THENS

Gregory VII (Hildebrand), Pope (r. 1073–85),
45

growth and decay,
87
–94

Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts
(Chamberlain),
26

Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–138),
69

Hammurabi, King of Babylonia (r. 1750?–?1708
B.C.
),
44
,
59

Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809),
41

Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94),
49

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831),
66

hell, disappearance of idea of,
47
–48

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1056–1106),
45

Heracleitus (6th-5th century
B.C.
),
29
,
81

Hermes, statue of,
97

Herodotus (5th century
B.C.
),
100

Hiroshima,
85

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945),
27
,
53
,
83

Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679),
93

Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?–1543),
97

Holy Alliance of 1815,
85

Homer (9th century
B.C.
),
93

homosexualism,
40

Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus 65–8
B.C.
),
53

human nature,
11
,
32
–36,
88
,
95

hunting, a stage in economic history,
37
–38

Hut, Hans (fl. 1530),
65

Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV), King of Egypt (r. 1380?–1362
B.C.
),
49

Ilium,
52

Incas,
28
,
63
–64

India,
15
,
27
,
28
–29,
49
,
53
,
84

Indians, North American,
25
,
26

Indians, South American,
64

     
see also
I
NCAS

Industrial Revolution,
39
,
48
,
52
,
65
,
66
,

industry, a stage in economic history,
37
–38,
39
,
47
,
88

inequality of men,
20
,
43
,
72
,
92

Innocent III (Giovanni Lotario de' Conti), Pope (r. 1198–1216),
45

Inquisition,
45

international law,
81
,
83
,
86

Islam,
29

Isocrates (436–338
B.C.
),
75
,
100

Israel,
17

Italy,
15
,
23
,
27
,
28
,
30
, ioi

     morals and religion,
40
,
41
,
48

     Communist Party in,
84

Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845),
72

Jacqueries,
57

Japan,
16
,
53
,
84

Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826),
77

Jesuits,
45
,
64

Jesus Christ,
12
,
15
,
26
,
28
,
46
,
48

Jews,
29
,
37
,
44

John of Leiden (1509–36),
65

Jutes,
30

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804),
93

Kapital, Das
(Marx),
65

Keats, John (1795–1821),
53

Khmers,
29
Koran,
24
,
29

labor and unemployment,
60
,
62
,
63

laissez-faire,
30
,
63

Lane, Edward (1801–76),
97

language,
31
,
100

Latin America,
26
,
90

     
see also
S
OUTH
A
MERICA

law,
19
,
35
,
37
,
44
,
48
,
50
,
76
,
81
,
87

     
see also
I
NTERNATIONAL
L
AW

Lenin, Nikolai (1870–1924),
35
,
66

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519),
101

Lesbos,
29

Levellers,
65

liberum veto,
68

Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65),
78

literature,
31
,
40
,
52
,
60

     Greek,
41
,
73
,
97

     and the Church,
49

     and the aristocracy,
52
,
71

Litta, Conte Cavaliere Agostino (fl. 1755),
41

Liu family (fl.
A.U.
20
),
62