The Jewish Gospels (26 page)

Mishna,
138

monotheism,
45
,
49
,
54
,
99
,
166n26
,
166n27

Moses: commandments and,
108
,
110
; divine throne and,
87
; as God,
72
; Jesus' defense of,
xiv-xv
; kosher laws and,
184n24
; Law of,
xvi
,
168n36
; in transfiguration,
145
; YHVH and,
138
,
167n27

mother: honoring of,
110
,
180–81n7
; support of,
119

murder,
169n39

muttar
,
113

Natan, Rabbi,
63

Nazarenes,
16–17
,
18
,
20
.
See also
Notzrim

Nebuchadnezzar,
29

Neirynck, Frans,
172n41

New Testament: as appropriation of Old Testament,
157
; Book of Revelation,
31
,
74
; Christology and,
54–55
,
90
; references to Jesus in,
25
; Son of Man term in,
36
,
40
; suffering Messiah in,
158

The New York Times
,
3

Nicene Creed,
16–17
,
20

“non-Christian Jews”: religious grouping of,
17
; as term,
7

Notzrim
,
18
,
19
,
20

offerings,
98

old God,
51–52
,
165n21

Olson, Daniel,
176n14

Operation Shylock
(Roth),
xx

Origen,
152

Palestinian Jews/Judaism,
73
,
125

Palestinian Talmud,
152–53
,
189n19

Parables.
See
Similitudes of Enoch

parents, support/honor of,
119
,
180–81n7

parousia
,
36

“parting of the ways,”
12
,
107–8

Passion of Christ,
155

Passover: celebration of,
11
; Council of Nicaea and,
13
,
14

pattern of religion,
167n28

Paul,
xvii-xviii
,
22

People of Israel: Gospels and,
22
; history of,
29
; Isaiah
53
and,
131
; vs. Judaism,
2
; Son of Man and,
39
,
144
; suffering of,
132
,
152

People of the Holy Ones of God,
186n9

People of the Land,
5

Peter,
135–36
,
140
,
184n24
,
186n7

Pharisees: definition of,
xv
; as hypocrites,
121
; on impurity,
124–25
; Jesus and,
xiv-xv
,
105
,
117
; kosher rules and,
115–16
; as reform movement,
xiii-xiv
,
103–4
; religious ideas/practices of,
4
; Sabbath and,
59–60
; traditional practices and,
109–11

Philo,
138

pollution, laws of,
113–14

Procksch, O.,
168n35

proselytes,
23

Proverbs
8
,
94

Psalms
2:2
,
28

Psalms
2:6–7
,
28

Psalms
110
,
28–29

Psalms of lament,
141

Psalms of the Righteous Sufferer,
186n9

Pullman, Philip,
7

pure/impure foods,
112–13

Qumran,
138

rabbi, term usage,
xvi

“The Rabbis,”
61–64
,
120
,
171n41

“race” checklists,
9
.
See also
checklists

A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity
(Boyarin),
xvii-xviii

reciprocally settled identities,
ix–xi
,
xii

Redeemer: Jews' expectation of,
142–43
; promised,
30
; Son of Man as divine,
31–34
,
76

redemption, Jewish beliefs about,
5

religion, idea of,
2
,
8

religion, pattern of,
167n28

religious groups, checklists for membership in,
7–11
,
19–20

religious vs. ethnic categories,
3

resurrection,
37
,
84
,
130
,
144
,
158
,
160
,
168n31

retribution,
154
,
169n39

Revelation,
31

Roman Catholics,
xvi

Roman Empire,
11
,
14

Romans
11:1–2
,
xviii

Rosen-Zvi, Ishay,
168n35

Roth, Philip,
xx

Sabbath: abrogation of,
68
; as gift,
171n41
; halakhic controversy and,
61
,
64
,
68–69
; plucking of grain incident,
59–60
,
172–73n43
; Rabbis on,
61–64
; Son of Man as Lord of,
60
; violation of,
65–68
,
169–70n39

Sabbath keeping,
8–9
,
10

sacrifices,
169n39

salvation,
53–54
,
158

1 Samuel
10:1
,
27
,
28

1 Samuel
16:3
,
27

Sanhedrin
7:5
,
138

Sanhedrin
98b
,
153

Saul,
27–28
,
162n2

scribes, statements of,
146–48

sea vision,
96
,
164n16

Second Temple period: binitarian theology in,
72
,
100
; Christology and,
168n31
; divine throne image and,
72
; Judaism in,
77
; kosher keeping in,
114–15
; New Testament and,
158
; promised Redeemer in,
30
; semi-divine mediator figures,
178n27
; temple destruction,
4
; younger god guises in,
51–52

Shemesh, Aharon,
64
,
170n39

Similitudes
13
,
96–97

Similitudes
48:2–3
,
85

Similitudes of Enoch: authority of,
178n27
; on final judgment,
80–81
; Gospel of Mark and,
100
; Gospels and,
74–81
; Messiah designation in,
77–79
; Palestinian Jews and,
73
.
See also
Book of Enoch
;
Enoch
citations

sin, forgiveness of,
57

Solomon,
27

Son of God: as Jesus' title,
xvii
,
25–26
; as name for Jesus' divine nature,
47
; Son of Man as stand-in for,
168n36
; two-throne vision and,
46–47

Son of Man: as angel,
166n27
; blasphemy of,
56–59
; Daniel passages about,
135
,
137
; as divine Redeemer,
31–34
,
76
; dominion of,
87
; Enoch as,
75–76
,
82
,
84–91
; fate of Jesus and,
149
; Fourth Ezra and,
95–101
; Gospel passages,
137
; as Jesus' title,
xvii
,
25–26
; as known quantity,
179n31
; as Lord of the Sabbath,
60
,
64
,
68–70
; Messiah equivalency,
137–38
; People of Israel and,
144
; preexistence of,
80
,
85–86
,
90
; sovereignty of,
70
; as stand-in for Son of God,
168n36
; story/narrative of,
72–73
; suffering of,
136
,
146–48

“The Son of Man Problem,”
35

Son of Man term/designation: in Daniel
7
,
38–39
,
41–43
,
52
; linguistic usage,
35–36
; as name of narrative,
37–38
; in New Testament scholarship,
36
; origins,
35

sovereignty,
168n33

Stephen,
139

Stone, Michael,
97–98
,
99

stoning,
139

suffering Jesus: Christian/Jewish ideas,
129–30
; prediction of,
141–42
,
155

suffering Messiah: in Isaiah
53
,
131–32
,
135
,
185n4
; in Jewish traditions,
145–46
,
150–56
; vicarious suffering of,
131
,
133
,
134
,
142
,
153–54

suffering servant,
141
,
150
,
152
,
154–55
,
186n9

Sukkah
5:2 55b
,
153

Synoptic Gospels,
105

Tacitus 2B,
131

tahor
,
113

tannaim
,
61
,
64
,
185n4

tannaitic midrash,
149

Temple, destruction of Jewish,
xi–xii
,
12
,
30
,
105
,
130

Theodosius,
18

theophany,
40
,
83
,
91
,
165

throne,
45–46
,
71–72

Timothy,
xix

Titus,
xix

Torah: abrogation of,
68
,
103
,
109
; Jesus as defender of,
xiii
,
103
; Jesus' upholding of,
107

torch, passing of,
32

transfiguration,
145

Trinity: belief in,
1
,
8
; doctrine of,
34
; Father/Son relationship,
13
,
14
; idea of,
xiii
,
xvii
,
102
; Son of God in,
25
; theological views on,
10–11

tuma'h vetaharah
(pollution),
114

two-throne vision,
45–46

unclean/clean foods,
113

vicarious suffering, of Messiah,
131
,
133
,
134
,
142
,
153–54

woe-sayings,
183n21

Yaho
ʾ
el,
51
,
166n27

Yahwe,
166n27

Yavneh, Council of,
12

Yefet ben Ali,
155

YHVH: angel of,
167n27
; anointed of,
27–28
(
see also
Messiah
); Ba
Ê¿
al and,
164–65n21
; golden calf representation of,
163n12
; as “I am,”
138
; Israelites and,
45
; merger with
El,
49–50

Yoma
8:6
,
66
,
174n51