The Illusion of Victory (89 page)

71
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge,
282.

72
. Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal
, 89; and Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era,
252.

73
. Ibid., 89 n; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal,
323.

74
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 534–535.

75
. Ferrell,
Woodrow Wilson and World War I,
228.

76
. PWW, 66:277–280.

77
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 547–548.

78
. Ibid., 549–550, 554; and Duff,
Politics of Revenge
, 285.

79
. Freidel,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: The Ordeal
, 71 n; and Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 553–554.

80
. Morgan,
FDR:A Biography
, 231.

81
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 344.

82
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge,
286–287;Ward,
A First-Class Temperament,
556; and Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 342. Later landslides, for Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and Richard Nixon in 1972, equaled Harding’s 61 percent, but their opponents received more than Cox’s pathetic 35 percent. Debs got 3 percent.

83
. Thomas J. Fleming, “‘I Am the Law,’ a Case History of a Political Machine,”
American Heritage
20, no. 4 (June 1969): 56–57.

84
. Duff,
The Politics of Revenge
, 287, 301; and Ward,
A First-Class Temperament,
556.

85
. Bailey,
Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal
, 344.

1
. Ward,
A First-Class Temperament
, 557–558.

2
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 399–400; and Cooper,
Breaking the Heart of the World
, 395.

3
. Craig,
Germany
, 436–437.

4
. Ibid., 440–450.

5
. Frank Trommler and Joseph McVeigh, eds.,
America and the Germans,
vol. 2,
The Relationship in the Twentieth Century
(Philadelphia, 1989), 18–29. Financial data from Richard B. Morris, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American History
(New York, 1953), 319–323.

6
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 967.

7
. David Fromkin,“What Is Wilsonianism?”
World Policy Journal,
spring 1994, 106.

8
. Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 171.

9
. Garraty,
Henry Cabot Lodge
, 401.

10
. Robert Lee Bullard,
American Soldiers Also Fought
(New York, 1936), vi.

11
. Ibid., v–vi.

12
. Craig,
Germany
, 282–283. The most complete statement of these late war aims is in Fritz Fischer,
Germany’s Aims in the First World War
(New York, 1967).

13
. Ferguson,
The Pity of War,
170–171.

14
. Lloyd C. Gardner,
A Covenant With Power: America and World Order from Wilson to Reagan
(New York, 1984), 3–28.

15
. Warren I. Cohen,
The American Revisionists: The Lessons of Intervention in World War I
(Chicago, 1967), 161.

16
. Ibid., 174.

17
. Thomas Fleming,
The New Dealers’War: FDR and the War Within World War II
(New York, 2001). The opening chapters of this book describe Roosevelt’s dilemma and his solution in considerable detail.

18
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 272.

19
. Ibid., 273–274.

20
. F.J. P. Veale,“The Wicked Kaiser Myth,”
Social Justice Review,
April 1950.

21
. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.,
A Thousand Days
(Boston, 1965), 674–676.

22
. Knock,
To End All Wars
, 269–270.

23
. House Diary, April 3, 1921.

24
. Smith,
When the Cheering Stopped,
196; and Blum,
Joe Tumulty and the Wilson Era
, 263–264.

25
. Lloyd George,
Memoirs of the Peace Conference
, 1:154–155.

26
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 259.

Abolitionism

Accidents

Ackerman, Carl

Adams, Abigail and John

Adams, Samuel Hopkins

Addams, Jane

Advisory Commission of the Council of

National Defense

AEF.
See
World War I, American

Expeditionary Force

AFL.
See
American Federation of Labor

Africa

African Americans

black troops

veterans

Aircraft

failure of U.S. to produce

See also
Air raids; United States, Army Air

Service

Air raids

Alabama
(Confederate raider)

Albert, Heinrich

Albert I (Belgian King)

Alcoholic beverages.
See also
Prohibition

Allen, Henry

Allied Commission of Control

Almereyda, Miguel

Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story
(Morgenthau)

American Alliance for Labor and Democracy

American Defense Society

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

American Federation of Women’s Clubs

American Legion

American Press Résumé

American Protective League (APL)

women volunteers for

American Soldiers Also Fought
(Bullard)

American Truth Society

Amidon, Charles F.

Amos, James

Anarchist bombings

Anderson, Henry

Anderson, Maxwell

Anti-Saloon League (ASL)

Antiwar protesters.

See also
Dissent

Anti-Yellow Dog League

APL.
See
American Protective League

Argentina

Armin, Sixt von

Armistice talks.
See

also
Germany, and armistice; Peace

conference/treaty;Wilson, Woodrow

and negotiated peace

Arms.
See
Weapons

Army League

Artillery

See also

Bombardments

Ashurst, Harry

ASL.
See
Anti-Saloon League

Asquith, Herbert

Associated Press

Atlantic Monthly

Atrocities

Bryce Report on

Auchincloss, Gordon

Australia

Austria/Austria-Hungary

declaration of war against Austria-

Hungary

request for peace

Vienna

Axson, Ellen

Aztec
(merchantman)

Baker, Newton

Baker, Ray T.

Balance of power

Baldwin, Marian

Balfour, Arthur

Balfour Declaration

Balkan states

Baltic Sea

Baltic States

Baltimore

Baltimore American

Bannwart, Alexander

Baralong
(Q-ship)

Barnes, Harry Elmer

Barnett, Ferdinand L. and Ida Wells-

Baruch, Bernard

Bauer, Gustav

Baumann, Sebastian

BBC.
See
British Broadcasting Company

Beard, Charles

Belgian Congo

Belgium

Louvain

Benedict XV (Pope)

Benson, William

Berger, Victor

Berliner Tageblatt

Bernhardi, Friederich von

Bernstorff, Johann von

Bethlehem Shipbuilding

Bethlehem Steel

Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von

Betnick (Count)

Bevan, Arthur Dean

Bew Letters

BI.
See
United States, Bureau of Investigation

Bielaski, A. Bruce

Big business

Bigelow, Herbert S.

Bill of Rights

Billy Sunday

Binding, Rudolf

Bipartisanship

Birth control

Birth of a Nation
(film)

Bissolati, Leonida

Bliss, Tasker H.

Blockades

Allied Blockade Committee

See also
Great Britain, blockade by

Bok, Edward

Bolo (Pasha), Paul-Marie

Bolsheviks

Bombardments

Bonar Law, Andrew

Bones, Helen Woodrow

Bonnet Rouge

Bonsal, Stephen

Borah, William

Boston

Boston Journal

Boston Symphony

BPC.
See
Bridgeport Projectile Company

Brandegee, Frank B.

Brandeis, Louis

Brannen, Carl

Brazil

Brest-Litovsk

conditions of treaty of

Bridgeport Projectile Company (BPC)

Bridges, G.T.M. “Tommy”

Briggs, Alfred M.

British Broadcasting Company (BBC)

Britten, Fred A.

Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich von (Count)

Brooks, Louise Cromwell

Broun, Heywood

Brown, Preston

Browning, Edward

Bruchmuller, Georg

Brunet, Frederic

Bryan, William Jennings

and peace treaty

resignation of

Bryce, James.
See also
Atrocities

Bryce Report on

Bucharest

Bulgaria

Bull

Bullard, Robert Lee

Bullitt, William C.

Bundy, Omar

Burleson, Albert Sidney

Burnett, John Lawson

Butler, Nicholas Murray

Byrnes, James

Cabinet.
See under
Roosevelt, Franklin D.;

Wilson, Woodrow

Cables, undersea

Caillaux, Henriette

Caillaux, Joseph

Cameroons

Camp Funston (Kansas)

Camp Wheeler (Georgia)

Canada

Cannon, Joseph “Uncle Joe”

Carbolic acid

Carnegie, Andrew

Carranza, Venustiano

Carson, Edward

Casement, Sir Roger

Casualties.
See also under
World War I

Catholics

Catlin, Albertus

Catt, Carrie Chapman

Cavell, Dame Edith

Cecil, Lord David

Censorship

Censorship Board

voluntary

Central America

Central Committee for National Patriotic

Organizations (CNPO)

Chamberlain, George E.

Chancellor, W. E.

Chandler, Zachariah

Chicago

Chicago Daily News

Chicago Daily Tribune

China

Churchill, Winston

and military action against Bolsheviks

Churchill, Winston (American novelist)

Cincinnati/Cincinnati Symphony

CIO.
See
Committee for Industrial

Organization

Citizen resistance.
See also Franc-tireurs

Citizens Protective League

Clark, Champ

Class warfare

Clemenceau, Georges

assassination attempt on

and commissions of control

and food for post-war Germany

and League of Nations

Cleveland, Grover

Cleveland Press

CNPO.
See
Central Committee for National

Patriotic Organizations

Coal

Cobb, Frank I.

Cobb, Ty

Coffin, Howard E.

Cohalan, Daniel

Colby, Bainbridge

Cold War

Collier’s
Magazine

Collins, James

Colonialism.
See also

Imperialism

Columbia University

Committee for Industrial Organization

(CIO)

Committee for Irish Independence

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

Committee on Training Camp Activities

(CTCA)

Condoms

Congress

Committee for the Conduct of the War

and elections of 1918.
See also

Elections, of 1918

and food for post-war Germany

foreign relations committees

House of Representatives

and League of Nations/peace treaty

McLemore resolution in

Military Affairs Committee

and negotiated peace

and presidential election of 1920

resolution declaring end of war

Senate

Senate Armed Services Committee

votes for treaty in

See also
Wilson, Woodrow, speech to

Congress of April 2, 1917

Congressional Government
(Wilson)

Congressional Record

Congress of Vienna (1815)

Connecticut Home Guard

Conscientious objectors

Conscription

arrests concerning

in Canada

Selective Service Act

Constantine (Greek King)

Constantinople

Contraband, definitions of

Coolidge, Calvin

Coolidge, Hamilton

Copper mines

Coppinger (U.S. Marine lieutenant)

Cost of living.
See also
Inflation; Prices

Cotton

Councils of Defense

Court martials

Cox, James A.

CPI.
See
Committee on Public Information

Crauford-Stuart, Charles

Creel, George

and Congress

“creeling”

visit to liberated countries of Austro-

Hungarian empire

See also
Committee on Public

Information

Crime

Crisis, The

Croly, Herbert

Cromwell, Gladys

Crozier, William

Cryptanalysts

CTCA.
See
Committee on Training Camp

Activities

Cuba

Culberson, Charles

Cummings, Homer

Curfews

Curtis, Edwin Upton

Czechoslovakia

Czernin, Ottokar (Count)

Daily Mail
(Northcliffe newspaper)

Daily Telegraph
(London)

Dallas News

Daniels, Josephus

D’Annunzio, Gabriele

Danzig

Darrow, Clarence

Daugherty, Harry

Daughters of the American Revolution

Davies, Joseph E.

Davis, John W.

Davis, Livingston

Davis, Norman H.

Dawes, Charles

Dawes Plan

Dawes, Rufus

Deaths

in Belgian Congo

of children

death sentences/executions

by freezing/pneumonia