The Illusion of Victory (84 page)

81
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 151–152; and Capozzola,“The Only Badge Needed Is Your Patriotic Fervor,” 1363.

82
. Kenneth S. Chern, “The Politics of Patriotism: War, Ethnicity and the New York Mayoral Campaign, 1917,”
New York Historical Society Quarterly
62 (1979): 291–313.

83
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 163–164; Murphy,
World War I and the Origins of Civil Liberties
, 164.

84
. Paul F. Brissendon,
The IWW:A Study in American Syndicalism
(New York, 1919), 343–346.

85
. Peterson and Fite,
Opponents of War
, 168–169.

86
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette,
895–896.

87
. Ibid., 809.

88
. Ibid., 822, 832.

89
. Ibid., 833–835. After the war, Cobb wrote a “belated word of contrition” to the La Fol-lettes, saying he had written the story under “the spell of that madness—which we mistook for patriotism.”

90
. Unger,
Fighting Bob La Follette
, 257–258.

91
. Ibid., 257.

92
. Charles F. Vincent,
The Post–World War I Blockade of Germany: An Aspect in the Tragedy of a Nation,
Ph. D. dissertation (University of Colorado, 1980), 89.

93
. Ibid., 89–90.

94
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House
, 3:352; and Ronald Chickering,
Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918
(Cambridge, 1998), 143–144, 160. Vincent,
Post–World War I Blockade of Germany
, cites reports of people in 1917–1918 standing in line for hours in the bitter cold, to obtain a single egg.

95
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:354–355.

96
. Ibid., 360–363.

97
. Ibid., 365.

98
. Ibid., 369.

99
. Ibid., 369–370.

100
. John W. Wheeler-Bennett,
Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace
(New York, 1971), 246ff.

101
. Seymour,
Intimate Papers of Colonel House,
3:381–382.

1
. Dorothy and Carl J. Schneider,
Into the Breach: American Women Overseas in World War I
(New York, 1991), 1–3.

2
. Eleanor Roosevelt,
Day Before Yesterday
:
The Reminiscences of Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
(New York, 1959), 84.

3
. James R. McGovern,“The American Woman’s Pre–World War I Freedom in Manners and Morals,”
Journal of American History,
55, no. 2 (September 1968): 315–316.

4
. Schneider,
Into the Breach
, 196ff.

5
. Marian Baldwin,
Canteening Overseas, 1917–1918 (New York,
1920), 13–14.

6
. Ibid., 31.

7
. Ibid., 64.

8
. Kermit Roosevelt, ed.,
Quentin Roosevelt
:
A Sketch with Letters
(New York, 1921), 44.

9
. Hiram Bingham,
An Explorer in the Air Service
(New Haven, Conn., 1921), 126ff; and Stephen Longstreet,
The Canvas Falcons
(New York,1970), 239–245. The Spad was also very dangerous to fly. One American pilot said it had “the gliding angle of a brick.”

10
. Derby Papers, FPW to QR, July 31, 1917.

11
. Derby Papers, QR to FPW, August 14, 1917; and FMB, QR to FPW, September 9, 1917.

12
. Derby Papers, QR to FPW, November 27, 1917; and Chambers,
To Raise an Army,
328.

13
. Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Houghton Library, QR to AR, December 28, 1917 (hereafter cited as TR Collection). The incident is discussed in several other letters in FMB.

14
. Elting E. Morrison, ed.,
Letters of Theodore Roosevelt,
vol. 8,
The Days of Armageddon
(Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 1347.

15
. Derby Papers, FPW to QR, June 17, 1918.

16
. FMB, QR to FPW, January 27, 1918.

17
. FMB, typewritten letter, no date.

18
. John Toland,
No Man’s Land, 1918
:
The Last Year of the Great War
(New York, 1980), 18.

19
. Hubert C. Johnson,
Breakthrough!
(Novato, Calif., 1994), 218–219; and B.H. Liddell-Hart,
The Real War, 1914–1918
(Boston, 1930), 390–391.

20
. Bruce I. Gudmundsson,
Stormtrooper Tactics
:
Innovation in the German Army, 1914–18 (New York,
1989), 151–152.

21
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 21.

22
. John Keegan,
The First World War
(New York, 1998), 399.

23
. Rod Paschall,
The Defeat of Imperial Germany, 1917–1918
(Chapel Hill, N. C., 1989), 140.

24
. S.L. A. Marshall,
The American Heritage History of World War I
(New York, 1964), 268.

25
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 53–54.

26
. Rudolf Binding,
A Fatalist at War
, translated from German by Ian F.D. Morrow (New York, 1929), 209–210.

27
. John Mosier,
The Myth of the Great War
:
A New Military History of World War I
(New York, 2001), 317.

28
. Vandiver,
Black Jack,
888 and Smythe,
Pershing, General of the Armies,
102.

29
. Shirley Millard,
I Saw Them Die
:
Diary and Recollections,
edited by Adele Commandini (New York, 1936), 3–18.

30
. Schneider,
Into the Breach,
75.

31
. Ibid., 77–78.

32
. Henry W. Miller,
The Paris Gun
(New York, 1930), 1–27, 122ff.

33
. Marshall,
World War I
, 272–273.

34
. Barrie Pitt,
1918:The Last Act
(New York, 1962), 125.

35
. Ibid., 128–129.

36
. Vandiver,
Black Jack,
876.

37
. Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 103.

38
. Pershing,
My Experiences
, 2:28–29; and Smythe,
Pershing: General of the Armies
, 115.

39
. O’Connor,
Black Jack Pershing,
236.

40
. Baldwin,
Canteening Overseas
, 74.

41
. Marshall,
Memoirs of My Services
, 13–14.

42
. Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
, 80–81; and Schaffer,
America in the Great War
, 104–105.

43
. Baldwin,
Canteening Overseas
, 170.

44
. Ibid., 74-75.

45
. Millard,
I Saw Them Die
, 18–19.

46
. Ibid., 20–21.

47
. Smythe,
Pershing
:
General of the Armies
, 125, 107–108.

48
. Coffman,
The War to End All Wars
, 156–158.

49
. Allan Reed Millett,
The General: Robert L. Bullard and Officership in the U.S. Army, 1881–1925
(Westport, Conn., 1975), 363–364.

50
. Smythe,
Pershing
:
General of the Armies
, 129; and Millett,
The General
, 365–366.

51
. Marshall,
Memoirs of My Services
, 96; Smythe,
Pershing
:
General of the Armies,
127–128; and Millett,
The General
, 366.

52
. Smythe,
Pershing
:
General of the Armies
, 128.

53
. Ibid., 128–129; and Millett,
The General
, 367–368.

54
.
New York Times,
March 31, 1918.

55
. Liddell-Hart,
The Real War
, 412.

56
. Charles B. Flood,
Hitler: The Path to Power
(Boston, 1989), 24–25.

57
. Pershing,
My Experiences in the World War
, 2:65.

58
. Dallas,
At the Heart of a Tiger
, 534.

59
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 375.

60
. Ibid., 275–276; and Dallas,
Heart of a Tiger,
535–538.

61
. O’Connor,
Black Jack Pershing
, 263–264.

62
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 277.

63
. Robert B. Asprey,
At Belleau Wood
(Denton, Tex., 1996), 141–144. See also Vandiver,
Black Jack,
896–897.

64
. Asprey,
At Belleau Wood
, 178. Laurence Stallings lost his leg to machine-gun bullets in this attack and acquired the disillusion that pervaded his novel
Plumes
and the play
What Price Glory
. He was a marine lieutenant.

65
. Toland,
No Man’s Land
, 287.

66
. Harbord,
The American Army in France
, 296.

67
. Joseph Dickman,
The Great Crusade
:
A Narrative of the World War
(New York, 1927), 267–272.

68
. Douglas MacArthur,
Reminiscences
(New York, 1964), 58; and Henry J. Reilly,
The Rainbow at War
(Columbus, Ohio, 1936), 246–247.

69
. Binding,
A Fatalist at War
, 254.

70
. Robert B. Asprey,
The German High Command at War: Hindenburg and Ludendorff Conduct World War I
(New York, 1991), 437. Asprey sees this attempt to revive the offensive in the north as a forlorn, desperate gesture by Ludendorff, who sensed the failure to break through on the Marne meant the war was lost.

71
. Mead,
The Doughboys,
253; and Douglas V. Johnson II and Rolfe L. Hillman, Jr.,
Soissons 1918
(College Station, Tex., 1999), 53. Some 150,000 Vietnamese served in the French army as labor troops. Another 500,000 troops—many of them draftees—came from French colonies in Africa (J. M. Winter,
The Experience of World War I
[New York, 1989], 216–217).

72
. Carl Andrew Brannen,
Over There
:
A Marine in the Great War
(College Station, Tex., 1996), 31–32.

73
.
Proceedings
(of the U.S. Naval Institute), November 1987, 60;
Military Affairs,
October 1987, 178; and Pershing,
My Experiences
, 2:167.

74
. Harbord,
The American Army in France
, 336–337.

75
. Brannen,
Over There,
35–36.

76
. Johnson and Hillman,
Soissons 1918,
144.

77
. FMB, letter undated, cable June 16, 1918.“Ham” is Quentin’s Harvard classmate, Hamilton Coolidge.

78
. TR Collection, June 18, 1918.

79
. Renehan,
The Lion’s Pride
, 175–178.

80
. Ibid., 193.

81
. Edward V. Rickenbacker,
Fighting the Flying Circus
(New York, 1919), 56.

82
. FMB, QR to FPW, June 25, 1918.

83
. FMB, letters of July 3, 6.

84
. Roosevelt,
Quentin Roosevelt,
163–164.

85
. Ethel, FMB collection; and Roosevelt to Whitney, Elting P. Morrison, ed.,
Letters of Theodore Roosevelt
(Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 1351.

86
. FMB, AR to FPW, July 13, 1918; and Renehan,
The Lion’s Pride,
191.

87
. Roosevelt,
Quentin Roosevelt
, 170.

88
. Derby Papers, FPW to QR, June 19, 1918.

89
. Joseph Gardner,
Departing Glory
:
Theodore Roosevelt As Ex-President
(New York, 1973), 390.

90
. Roosevelt,
Quentin Roosevelt,
179–181.

1
. Livermore,
Politics Is Adjourned
, 115.

2
. Ibid., 105–106.

3
. Ibid., 106–110.

4
. Kennedy,
Over Here,
237–238.

5
. Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette,
872.

6
. Charles M. Thomas,
Thomas Riley Marshall: Hoosier Statesman
(Oxford, Ohio, 1939), 180–183.

7
. Ibid., 181. See also Case and La Follette,
Robert M. La Follette
, 870–871.