The House of Wisdom (41 page)

68
. Van Steenberghen,
Aristotle in the West
, 82(see chap. 6, n. 35).

69
. Frederick II, quoted in van Cleve,
Emperor Frederick II
, 303. Some scholars have attributed this letter to Frederick’s son, Manfred. For the view that the letter was almost certainly written by Frederick, see van Cleve, 303, n. 2.

Chapter 9: The Invention of the West

1
. Edward Grant, “Science and Theology in the Middle Ages,” in
God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter Between Christianity and Science
, ed. David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 49–53.

2
. Van Steenberghen,
Aristotle in the West
, 79–80 (see chap. 6, n. 35).

3
.
Chartularium universitatis Paresiensis
, in Thorndike,
University Records
, 34 (see chap. 6, n. 32).

4
. French and Cunningham,
Before Science
, 63 (see chap. 5, n. 44).

5
. Grant,
Foundations of Modern Science
, 54 (see chap. 7, n. I). See also Marenbon,
Later Medieval Philosophy
, 64 (see chap. 6, n. 36).

6
. Friedrich Heer,
The Medieval World: Europe, 1100–1350
, trans. Janet Sondheimer (New York: World Publishing Company, 1961), 200.

7
. Grant,
Foundations of Modern Science
, 37.

8
. John of Fidanza,
Collationes de septem donis Spiritus Sancti
quoted in Tony Dodd,
The Life and Thought of Siger of Brabant, Twelfth-century Parisian Philosopher
(Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998), 71.

9
. William of Baglione,
De Aeternitate Mundi
, quoted in Dales,
Medieval Discussions
, 112(see chap. 8, n. 33).

10
. On Thomas’s teacher, see Jean-Pierre Tarrell,
Saint Thomas Aquinas: The Person and His Work
, trans. Robert Royal (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America, 1996), 7. On Michael’s translations, see Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 28 (see chap. 2, n. 34).

11
. Marcia L. Colish, “Avicenna’s Theory of Efficient Causation and Its Influence on Thomas Aquinas,” in
Studies in Scholasticism
(Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006), 2–3.

12
. Barry S. Kogan, “The Problem of Creation in Late Medieval Jewish Philosophy,” in
A Straight Path
, 161 (see chap. 8, n. 58). Also see Dales,
Medieval Discussions
, 45–47 (see chap. 8, n. 33).

13
. Averroes,
Incoherence of the Incoherence
, 65 (see chap. 8, n. 59).

14
. Thomas Aquinas,
De aeternitate mundi
, in St. Thomas Aquinas, Siger of Brabant, and St. Bonaventure,
On the Eternity of the World
, trans. and ed. Cyril Vollert, Lottie H. Kendzierski, and Paul M. Byrne (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1964), 21.

15
. Ibid., 22.

16
. Vollert, Kendzierski, and Byrne,
On the Eternity
, 14.

17
. Thomas Aquinas,
De aeternitate mundi, in On the Eternity, 25
.

18
. Fernand van Steenberghen,
Thomas Aquinas and Radical Aristotelianism
(Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1978), 22.

19
. Thomas Aquinas,
De aeternitate mundi
, in
An Aquinas Reader
, trans. and ed. Mary T. Clark (New York: Fordham University Press, 1972), 181.

20
. Thomas Aquinas,
Responsio de 43 articulis
, quoted in Tarrell,
Saint Thomas Aquinas
, 169.

21
. Ibid.

22
. Richard E. Rubenstein,
Aristotle’s Children: How Christians, Muslims and Jews Rediscovered Ancient Wisdom and Illuminated the Dark Ages
(Orlando, FL: Harcourt, 2003), 198.

23
. Thomas Aquinas,
Summa theologiae
, quoted in
On the Eternity
, 66.

24
. Dodd,
Life and Thought
, 73–76.

25
. “Condemnations of 219 Propositions,” in
Medieval Political Philosophy: A Sourcebook
, ed. Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1963), 337.

26
. Ibid., 338.

27
. Mary M. McLaughlin, “Paris Masters of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries and Ideas of Intellectual Freedom,”
Church History
24, no. 3 (1955): 196.

28
. Dodd,
Life and Thought
, 361.

29
. Thomas S. Kuhn,
Copernican Revolution
, 2–3 (see chap. 6, n. 26).

30
. Saliba,
Islamic Science
, 78–84 (see Prologue, n. 12).

31
. Ibid., 88.

32
. A. I. Sabra, “The Andalusian Revolt Against Ptolemaic Astronomy: Averroes and al-Bitruj,” in
Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences
, ed. Everett Mendelsohn (London: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 133–34.

33
. Ibid., 135–37.

34
. Saliba,
Islamic Science
, 95.

35
. Averroes,
Tafsir ma ba’d al-tabia
, quoted in Saliba,
Islamic Science
, 179.

36
. Saliba,
Islamic Science
, 236.

37
. Ibid., 183.

38
. E. S. Kennedy and Victor Roberts, “The Planetary Theory of Ibn al-Shatir,”
Isis
50, no. 3 (1959): 227–35.

39
. See Will Hartner, “Copernicus, the Man, the Work, and Its History,”
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
117, no. 3 (1973): 413–22.

40
. Saliba,
Islamic Science
, 164.

41
. Arthur Koestler once referred to Copernicus’s work as “the book nobody read.” For a lively but thoroughly serious response, see Owen Gingrich,
The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus
(New York: Walker and Co., 2004).

42
. Adelard of Bath,
Questions of Natural Science
, quoted in Gibson, “Adelard of Bath,” 16 (see chap. 5, n. 56).

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The following selections are provided for those readers who would like to explore further the topics, developments, and personalities presented in
The House of Wisdom
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