The House of Wisdom (40 page)

18
.
Calendar of Cordoba
, quoted in McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures
, 166–68 (see chap. 2, n. 7).

19
. García Sánchez, “Agriculture in Muslim Spain,” in
Legacy of Muslim Spain
, 997.

20
. Ibn Idhari,
al-Bayan al-mughrib
, quoted in Robert Hillenbrand, “Ornament of the World,” 127.

21
. W. Montgomery Watt,
A History of Islamic Spain
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1965), 92.

22
. García Sánchez, “Agriculture in Muslim Spain,” 990.

23
. Ibid., 992–93.

24
. Rafael Valencia, “Islamic Seville,” in
Legacy of Muslim Spain
, 145. See also García Sánchez, “Agriculture in Muslim Spain,” 997.

25
. Watson,
Agricultural Innovation
, 82–83.

26
. Ibid., 83.

27
. Marie-Thérèse d’Alverny, “Translations and Translators,” in
Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century
, ed. Robert L. Benson and Giles Constable (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 440.

28
. Hermann of Carinthia,
De essentiis
, trans. and ed. Charles Burnett (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1982), 70.

29
. Robert of Ketton, quoted in Charles Burnett, “A Group of Arabic-Latin Translators Working in Northern Spain in the Mid-Twelfth Century,”
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
63, no. 14 (1977): 63, n. 14. The Latin original is in Haskins,
Studies
, 121 (see chap. 5, n. 3).

30
. James Kritzeck,
Peter the Venerable and Islam
(Princeton: Princeton University Press 1964), 3.

31
. Peter the Venerable,
Patrologia Latina
, 671c, quoted in James Kritzeck, “Peter the Venerable and the Toledan Collection,” in
Petrus Venerabilis 1156–1956: Studies and Texts Commemorating the Eighth Centenary of his Death
, ed. Giles Constable and James Kritzeck (Rome: Herder, 1956), 180. For a more recent study, see Thomas E. Burman,
Reading the Qur’an in Latin Christendom, 1140–1560
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).

32
. Ibid., 177.

33
. Peter the Venerable,
Liber contra sectum sive haeresim saracenorum
, quoted in Jolivet, “Arabic Inheritance,” 113 (see chap. 5, n. 38).

34
. Kritzeck,
Peter the Venerable
, 137–44.

35
. Jacques Le Goff,
Intellectuals in the Middle Ages
, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1993), 16.

36
. Robert of Ketton, quoted in Kritzeck,
Peter the Venerable
, 62.

37
. Pym,
Negotiating the Frontier
, 52.

38
.
Ptolemy’s Almagest
, trans. and ed. G. J. Toomer (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984), 3.

39
. Eulogy quoted in David C. Lindberg, “Transmission of Greek and Arabic Learning,” in
Science in the Middle Ages
, ed. Lindberg (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 66, n. 61. The eulogy was attached to Gerard’s translation of Galen’s
Tegni
. For the full eulogy text, see
A Source Book in Medieval Science
, ed. Edward Grant (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 35.

40
. D’Alverny, “Translations and Translators,” 453.

41
. Avendauth,
De anima
, quoted in Jolivet, “Arabic Inheritance,” 141.

42
. Daniel of Morley,
Philosophia
, quoted in Pym,
Negotiating the Frontier
, 41.

43
. Theodore Silverstein, “Daniel of Morley, English Cosmologist and Student of Arabic Science,”
Mediaeval Studies
10 (1948): 179.

44
. Ibid., 185–89.

45
. Burnett,
Introduction of Arabic Learning
, 63 (see chap. 2, n. 18).

46
. Daniel of Morley,
Philosophia
, quoted in Pym,
Negotiating the Frontier
, 52.

47
. Hugh of Santalla, quoted in Burnett, “Group of Arabic-Latin Translators,” 90.

48
. Burnett,
Introduction of Arabic Learning
, 60.

49
. Oliverus Brito,
Philosophia
, quoted in McCluskey,
Astronomies and Cultures
, 191.

50
. For the few sketchy details of Michael Scot’s background, see Haskins,
Studies
, 272–73, and Lynn Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 11–12 (see chap. 2, n. 34).

51
. Michael Scot,
Liber particularis
, quoted in Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 15.

52
. Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 72.

53
. J. Wood Brown,
An Enquiry into the Life and Legend of Michael Scot
(Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1897), 154.

54
. Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 39.

55
. Sir Walter Scott,
The Lay of the Last Minstrel
(New York: C. S. Francis and Co.: 1845), 68.

56
. Grant,
Foundations of Modern Science
, 34.

57
. Charles Homer Haskins,
The Rise of Universities
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell Paperbacks, 1957), 9. See also Grant,
Foundations of Modern Science
, 34.

58
. Le Goff,
Intellectuals
, 5–6.

59
. Haskins,
Rise of Universities
, 82–83.

60
. Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 12.

Chapter 8: On the Eternity of the World

1
. Ernst Kantorowicz,
Frederick the Second: 1194–1250
, trans. E. O. Lorimer (London: Constable and Co., 1931), 4–5.

2
. Menocal,
Ornament of the World
, 192 (see chap. 6, n. 8).

3
. Thomas Curtis van Cleve, The
Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
: Immutator Mundi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 225.

4
. Ibid., 224–25.

5
. Charles Homer Haskins, “Science at the Court of the Emperor Frederick II,”
American Historical Review
27, no. 4 (1922), 680.

6
. Quoted in van Cleve,
Emperor Frederick II
, xxx.

7
. Van Cleve,
Emperor Frederick II
, 217.

8
. Al-Maqrizi, quoted in van Cleve,
Emperor Frederick II
, 219.

9
. Van Cleve,
Emperor Frederick II
, 158–60.

10
. Haskins,
Studies
, 251 (see chap. 5, n. 3).

11
. David Abulafia,
Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor
(London: Allen Lane, 1988), 257.

12
. Ibid., 263.

13
. Haskins, “Science at the Court,” 672.

14
. Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 1 and 28 (see chap. 2, n. 34).

15
. Haskins, “Science at the Court,” 672.

16
. Michael Scot,
Secrets of Nature
, quoted in Thorndike,
Michael Scot
, 3.

17
. Frank J. Swetz,
Capitalism and Arithmetic: The New Mathematics of the 15th Century
(La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1987), 12–13.

18
. Charles King, “Leonardo Fibonacci,” in
From Five Fingers to Infinity: A Journey Through the History of Mathematics
, ed. Frank J. Swetz (Chicago: Open Court, 1994), 252. See also R. B. McClenan, “Leonardo of Pisa and His
Liber quadratorium
,” in
From Five Fingers
, Swetz, 255.

19
.
Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci: A Translation into Modern English of Leonardo Pisano’s Book of Calculation
, trans. and ed. L. E. Sigler (New York: Springer, 2002), 17.

20
. Ibid., 15.

21
. See King, “Leonardo Fibonacci,” 252–54, and Swetz,
Capitalism and Arithmetic
, 234.

22
.
Fibonacci’s Liber Abaci
, 291.

23
. Ibid., 404–05.

24
. Haskins,
Studies
, 268.

25
. Charles Homer Haskins, “The ‘De arte venandi cum avibus’ of the Emperor Frederick II,”
English Historical Review
36, no. 143 (1921), 342.

26
. Charles Homer Haskins, “Some Early Treatises on Falconry,”
Romanic Review
13, no. 1 (1922), 18–22.

27
. Van Cleve,
Emperor Frederick II
, 304.

28
. Kantorowicz,
Frederick the Second
, 69.

29
. Haskins,
Studies
, 268.

30
. Michael Scot,
Liber particularis
quoted in Haskins,
Studies
, 266.

31
. Haskins, “Science at the Court,” 688.

32
.
Confessions of St. Augustine
, 241 (see chap. 2, n. 45).

33
. Richard C. Dales,
Medieval Discussions of the Eternity of the World
(Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1990), 18.

34
. Al-Kindi,
Metaphysics
, quoted in Richard Walzer, “Arabic Transmission of Greek Thought to Medieval Europe,”
Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
29 (1945–46), 175–76.

35
. Aristotle,
Metaphysics
, trans. Thomas Taylor (Frome, UK: Prometheus Trust, 2003), 238.

36
. Dales,
Medieval Discussions
, 35–36.

37
. Richard C. Dales, “The Origin of the Doctrine of the Double Truth,”
Viator
15 (1984), 170.

38
.
Confessions of St. Augustine
, 242.

39
. Dag Nikolaus Hasse,
Avicenna’s
De Anima
in the Latin West: The Formation of a Peripatetic Philosophy of the Soul, 1160–1300
(London: Warburg Institute, 2000), I.

40
. Marenbon,
Later Medieval Philosophy
, 57 (see chap. 6, n. 36).

41
. Avicenna, “The Autobiography,” in
Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works
, trans. and ed. Dimitri Gutas (Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1988), 28.

42
. Avicenna, “The Autobiography,”
Avicenna
, 252.

43
. Oliver Leaman,
An Introduction to Medieval Islamic Philosophy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 34.

44
. Hasse,
Avicenna’s
De Anima, 29.

45
. A. C. Crombie,
Science, Optics and Music in Medieval and Early Modern Thought
(London: Hambledon Press, 1990), 100–03.

46
. Ibid., 92–93.

47
. Marenbon,
Later Medieval Philosophy
, 60–62.

48
. Oliver Leaman,
A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999), 4.

49
. Dales,
Medieval Discussions
, 43.

50
.
Averroes: On the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy
, trans. and ed. George F. Hourani (London: Luzac, 1967), 12.

51
. Ibid., 7.

52
. Ibid., 9.

53
. Leaman,
Brief Introduction
, 21. See also Majid Fakhry,
Averroes (Ibn Rushd): His Life, Works and Influence
(Oxford: Oneworld, 2001), xii–xiv.

54
. Averroes,
On the Harmony
, 13.

55
. Ibid.

56
. Harry A. Wolfson, “Revised Plan for Publication of a Corpus Commentariorum Averrois in Aristotelem,”
Speculum
38 (1963): 90ff.

57
. Leaman,
Brief Introduction
, 154–55.

58
. Alfred L. Ivry, “Averroes and the West,” in
A Straight Path: Studies in Medieval Philosophy and Culture
, ed. Ruth Link-Salinger and others (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1988), 153.

59
. Averroes,
The Incoherence of the Incoherence
, trans. and ed. Simon van den Bergh (London: Luzac, 1964), 319.

60
. Ibid., 468.

61
. Ibid., 425.

62
. Fakhry,
Averroes
, xvi.

63
. Averroes, On the
Harmony, 23
.

64
. The full Arabic title has been translated as
The book of the decision [or distinction] of the discourse, and a determination of what there is of connection between religion and philosophy
. See Averroes, On the
Harmony
, I.

65
. Averroes,
On the Harmony
, 44.

66
. Ibid., 22.

67
. Marenbon,
Later Medieval Philosophy
, 52.