The History Buff's Guide to World War II (59 page)

15
. Jane Slaughter,
Women and the Italian Resistance
,
1943–1945
(Denver: Arden, 1997), 120–21; Smith,
War’s Long Shadow
, 45; Wright,
Ordeal of Total War
, 265.

16
. Hondros,
Occupation and Resistance
, 66; Smith,
War’s Long Shadow
, 34.

17
. Sarah Farmer,
Martyred Village
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), 1; Jorgen Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements, 1939–1945
(Westport, CT: Meckler, 1981), 449; Ray Mears,
The Real Heroes of Telemark
(London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2003), 248.

18
. G. F. Krivosheev, ed.,
Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century
(London: Greenhill, 1997), 86; Rüdiger Overmans,
Deutsche Militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000), 335.

19
. Smith,
War’s Long Shadow
, 39; Arthur Waldron, “China’s New Remembering of World War II: The Case of Zhang Zizhong,”
Modern Asian Studies
(1996): 971.

20
. John A. Armstrong, ed.,
Soviet Partisans in World War II
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), 151.

21
. Quote of de Gaulle to André Gillois in M. R. D. Foot,
Resistance: European Resistance to Nazism, 1940–1945
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977).

22
. Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 458.

23
. Ibid., 448–49.

24
. Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, eds.,
World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945
(New York: Random House, 1996), 708.

25
. Dear,
Oxford Companion
, 901.

26
. Foot,
Resistance
, 43.

27
. See Claudia Koonz, “Ethical Dilemmas and Nazi Eugenics: Single Issue Dissent in Religious Contexts,”
Journal of Modern History
(December 1992): S 30.

28
. Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 88; Mears,
Real Heroes of Telemark
, 241–42.

29
. Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 95–103; Mears, Real
Heroes of Telemark
, 244.

30
. Foot,
Resistance
, 24–25; Juliane Furst, “Heroes, Lovers, Victims: Partisan Girls During the Great Fatherland War,”
Minerva
(Fall–Winter 2000), 47–50.

31
. Bob Moore,
Resistance in Western Europe
(New York: Berg, 2000), 3.

32
. Foot,
Resistance
, 23–26; Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 31.

33
. Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 90; Gerhard Weinberg,
A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 473.

34
. Foot,
Resistance
, 33.

35
. Nicholas Atkin,
The French at War
,
1934–1944
(London: Longman, 2001), 83; Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 15.

36
. Armstrong,
Soviet Partisans in World War II
, 205, 211, 214; Atkin,
The French at War
, 76.

37
. Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 120, 132.

38
. Atkin,
The French at War
, 83; Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 76–77; Mears,
The Real Heroes of Telemark
, 245.

39
. Haestrup,
European Resistance Movements
, 465.

40
. Karl Dietrich Bracher,
The German Dictatorship
(New York: Praeger, 1972), 361; Dear,
Oxford Companion
, 263.

41
. Cynthia Eller,
Conscientious Objectors and the Second World War
(New York: Praeger, 1991), 49; Heather T. Frazier and John O’Sullivan,
“We Have Just Begun to Not Fight”: An Oral History of Conscientious Objectors in Civilian Public Service During World War II
(New York: Twayne, 1996), vii–xxiv.

42
. Peter Brock, “‘Excellent in Battle’: Conscientious Objectors as Medical Paratroopers, 1943–1946,”
War and Society
(May 2004): 41–42, 54.

43
. Winston S. Churchill,
The Gathering Storm
(New York: Bantam Books, 1948), viii.

44
. For a short description of U.S. adoption of World War II as the official war title, see Walter C. Langsam,
Historic Documents of World War II
(Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1958).

45
. David Reynolds, “The Origins of the Two ‘World Wars’: Historical Discourse and International Politics,”
Journal of Contemporary History
(January 2003): 29–36. It is arguable whether the international turmoil of 1937 to 1945 was just the second “world war” in human history. Among other expansive military affairs, the French and Indian War (a.k.a, the Seven Years’ War, the Great War for the Empire, etc.) spawned fighting in the American colonies, Europe, and India. So, too, the Napoleonic Wars scarred three continents. The Russian Civil War covered six time zones and involved troops from a score of countries, including Britain, Canada, Finland, Czechoslovakia, France, Poland, Japan, and the United States.

46
. Hitler quoted in George H. Stein, ed.,
Hitler
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968), 75.

47
. Reynolds, “Origins of the Two ‘World Wars,’” 36.

48
. Angus Calder,
The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945
(New York: Pantheon, 1969), 38–42; James Chapman, “British Cinema and ‘The People’s War,’” in
“Millions Like Us?”: British Culture in the Second World War
, ed. Nick Hayes and Jeff Hill (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999), 36; Pat Thane, “Old Age,” in
Medicine in the 20th Century
, ed. Roger Cooter and John Pickstone (Amsteldijk, Holland: Harwood, 2000), 621.

49
. Calder,
People’s War
, JFK quoted in J. Garry Clifford and Samuel R. Spencer Jr.,
The First Peacetime Draft
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986), 8.

50
. Chapman, “British Cinema and ‘The People’s War,’” 36.

51
. John Baxendale, “‘You and I—All of Us Ordinary People’: Renegotiating ‘Britishness’ in Wartime,” in
“Millions Like Us?”: British Culture in the Second World War
, ed. Nick Hayes and Jeff Hill (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999), 313.

52
. Robert G. Menzies, “A Peoples War” (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1941), 14; Mikhail N. Narinsky, “The Soviet Union: The Great Patriotic War?” in
Allies at War: The Soviet, American, and British Experience, 1939–1945
, ed. David Reynolds, Warren F. Kimball, and A. O. Chubarian (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 261.

53
. John W. Dower,
War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 182–90, 234–47.

54
. Reynolds, “The Origins of the Two ‘World Wars,’” 34.

55
. Wright,
Ordeal of Total War
, 256.

56
. Alexander Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964), 324.

57
. Churchill,
The Gathering Storm
, vii; see also Maurice Baumont,
Origins of the Second World War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).

58
. For more on the first Thirty Years’ War, see C. V. Wedgwood,
The Thirty Years War
(New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1990); Geoff Mortimer,
Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years War, 1618–1648
(New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002). For a typical example of Sonderweg historiography, see Bracher,
German Dictatorship
.

59
. Ian Buruma,
The Wages of Guilt
(New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1994), 223; Saburo Ienaga,
The Pacific War: World War II and the Japanese, 1931– 1945
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 247; Dower,
War Without Mercy
, 59.

60
. Gerald Astor,
Operation Iceberg
(New York: Dell, 1995), 8.

61
. Sebastian Conrad, “Entangled Memories: Versions of the Past in Germany and Japan, 1945–2001,”
Journal of Contemporary History
(January 2003): 91–93; Yukiko Koshiro, “Japan’s World and World War II,”
Diplomatic History
(Summer 2001): 429.

62
. Ienaga,
The Pacific War
, 247.

63
. Ibid., 248; Koshiro, “Japan’s World and World War II,” 426.

64
. Les Cleveland,
Dark Laughter: War in Song and Popular Culture
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), 11–12; Kathleen E. R. Smith,
God Bless America: Tin Pan Alley Goes to War
(Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2003), 144; Alexander Werth,
Russia at War
(New York: Dutton, 1964), 741–42.

65
. Adrienne L. Kaeppler and J. W. Love, eds.,
The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
(New York: Garland, 1998), 7:729, 745; Sturmabteilung comments on jazz quoted in Richard Grunberger,
A Social History of the Third Reich
(London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), 419; Boris Schwarz,
Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia, 1917–1970
(London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1972), 176.

66
. Russell Sanjek,
Pennies from Heaven: The American Popular Music Business in the Twentieth Century
(New York: Da Capo, 1996), 216.

67
. Ben Arnold,
Music and War: A Research and Information Guide
(New York: Garland, 1993), 186.

68
. David Ewen,
All the Years of American Popular Music
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977), 430.

69
. Julius Mattfeld,
Variety Music Cavalcade, 1620–1969
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971), xiii.

70
. C. H. Ward-Jackson, ed.,
Airmen’s Song Book
(London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1967), 222.

71
. Calder,
People’s War
, 371.

72
. Arnold,
Music and War
, 192, 199.

73
. Ibid., 189; Roy Blokker, T
he Music of Dmitri Shostakovich: The Symphonies
(London: Tantivy Press, 1979), 81.

74
. Laurel E. Fay,
Shostakovich: A Life
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 132.

75
. Chin-Hsin Yao Chen and Shih-Hsiang Chen,
The Flower Drum and Other Chinese Songs
(New York: John Day, 1943), 47–50; see also Lee PaoCh’en, ed.,
Songs of Fighting China
(New York: Chinese News Service, 1944); Smith,
War’s Long Shadow
, 30.

76
. Carl Hoff and Orrin Tucker song quoted from Smith,
God Bless America
, 13.

77
. Sanjek,
Pennies from Heaven
, 216.

78
.
Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 8th ed.
(New York: Schirmer Books, 1992), 166–67; Ewen,
All the Years of American Popular Music
, 430–31.

79
. Archie Satterfield,
The Home Front: An Oral History of the War Years in America: 1941– 1945
(New York: PEI Books, 1981), 271.

80
. “Anthem for England,”
Current History and Forum
(October 22, 1940), 35–36.

81
. Baxendale, “‘You and I,’” 295.

82
. Calder,
People’s War
, 371.

83
. Louis L. Snyder,
Historical Guide to World War II
(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982), 658–59.

84
. Michael Burleigh,
The Third Reich: A New History
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), 118–20.

85
. Horst J. P. Bergmeier and Rainer E. Lotz,
Hitler’s Airwaves
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 136–77.

86
. Cleveland,
Dark Laughter
, 9.

87
. Smith,
God Bless America
, 111.

88
. Gail Braybon and Penny Summerfield,
Out of the Cage: Women’s Experiences in Two World Wars
(London: Pandora, 1987), 212–14.