The History Buff's Guide to World War II (56 page)

NOTES

CHAPTER 1: “THE GATHERING STORM”

1
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
(New York: Random House, 1987), table 15.

2
. J. N. Westwood,
Russia Against Japan, 1904–1905
(New York: State University of New York Press, 1986), 6–7.

3
. Mikiso Hane,
Modern Japan: A Historical Survey
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), 160.

4
. Although the United States made few political or military maneuvers internationally between 1868 and 1898, there was growing commercial activity. Some historians consider this a period of “U.S. economic imperialism.” See William A. Williams, ed.,
From Colony to Empire
(New York: Wiley, 1972).

5
. Norman Davies,
Heart of Europe
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 112–13; Michael Howard, “The Legacy of the First World War,” in
Paths to War
, ed. Robert Boyce and Esmonde M. Robertson (London: Macmillan, 1989), 38; Martin Kitchen,
Europe Between the Wars: A Political History
(London: Longman, 1988), 22–24.

6
. Evan Mawdsley,
The Russian Civil War
(Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987), 252.

7
. Sheila Fitzpatrick, “The Legacy of the Civil War” in
Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War
, eds. Diane P. Koenker, William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald Grigor Suny (Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1989), 388–91.

8
. Davies,
Heart of Europe
, 118; Mawdsley,
The Russian Civil War
, 250–51, 258–60.

9
. Mawdsley,
The Russian Civil War
, 253.

10
. Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka,
The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 383–87.

11
. Ibid., 384.

12
. Maurice Baumont,
The Origins of the Second World War
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978), 144–46.

13
. Ibid., 166.

14
. Stephen J. Lee,
European Dictatorships, 1918–1945
(London: Routledge Press, 2000), 3.

15
. Chinese estimations place the dead at Nanking at three hundred thousand. Japan officially claimed the death toll to be in the tens of thousands.

16
. Republican quote from Clay Blair,
Hitler’s U-Boat War: The Hunters, 1939–1942
(New York: Random House, 1996), 25. See also Erik Goldstein and John Maurer, eds.,
The Washington Conference, 1921–1922
(Essex, UK: Frank Cass, 1994); Raymond J. Sontag,
A Broken World, 1919–1930
(New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 86–110.

17
. Denis Winter,
Death’s Men
(Middlesex, UK: Penguin, 1985), 120–22.

18
. Leo P. Brophy, Wyndham D. Miles, and Rexmond C. Cochrane,
The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field
(Washington D.C.: U.S. Army Office of the Chief of Military History, 1959).

19
. Briand quoted in Hans Mommsen,
The Rise and Fall of the Weimar Republic
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 206.

20
. Marshall Lee and Wolfgang Michalka,
German Foreign Policy, 1917–1933
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 80–85; Mommsen,
The Rise and Fall of the Weimar Republic
, 199–208.

21
. David H. Miller,
The Peace Pact of Paris
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928), 7.

22
. Robert H. Ferrell,
Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1952), 207.

23
. Blair,
Hitler’s U-Boat War
, 24–26; Christopher Hall,
Britain, America, and Arms Control, 1921– 1937
(London: MacMillan, 1987), 101–3.

24
. Piers Brendon,
The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930’s
(New York: Knopf, 2000), 208–10; Hall,
Britain, America, and Arms Control
, 107–8; Stephen Pelz,
Race to Pearl Harbor: The Failure of the Second London Naval Conference and the Onset of World War II
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 2–3.

25
. Richard Lamb,
The Drift to War, 1922–1939
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), 70–71.

26
. Anthony P. Adamthwaite,
The Making of the Second World War
(London: Allen and Unwin, 1977), 78.

27
. See also Philip Noel-Baker,
The First World Disarmament Conference, 1932–1933
(Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1979).

28
. Rodney J. Morrison, “The London Monetary and Economic Conference of 1933: A Public Goods Analysis,”
American Journal of Economics and Sociology
(July 1993): 309–10.

29
. R. J. Overy,
The Inter-War Crisis, 1919–1939
(London: Longman, 1994), 50.

30
. Morrison, “London Monetary and Economic Conference,” 312–15.

31
. Richard Collier,
Duce
(New York: Viking Press, 1971), 124.

32
. Mussolini quoted in ibid., 125.

33
. Ibid., 120–21.

34
. Hitler quoted in William L. Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
(New York: Fawcett Crest, 1988), 496.

35
. See also Maya Latynski, ed.,
Reappraising the Munich Pact
(Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1992).

36
. Roosevelt quoted in Pelz,
Race to Pearl Harbor
, 157.

37
. Kitchen,
Europe Between the Wars
, 25.

38
. John W. Dower,
War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific
War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 4–5; Yukiko Koshiro, “Japan’s World and World War II,”
Diplomatic History
(Summer 2001): 426–28.

39
. P. M. H. Bell, “Another Thirty Years War?” in
World War II: Roots and Causes
, ed. Keith Eubank (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1992), 20; Norman M. Naimark,
Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 6–7.

40
. Andrew J. Crozier,
The Causes of the Second World War
(Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1997), 179–81.

41
. Lamb,
The Drift to War
, 4–6; Gerhard L. Weinberg,
A World at Arms
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 14–16.

42
. Bell, “Another Thirty Years War?”, 17. Quote of British MP Eric Geddes in Erik Goldstein, T
he First World War Peace Settlements, 1919–1925
(London: Longman, 2002), 15. Foch quoted in Richard Overy,
The Road to War
(London: Penguin Books, 1999), 122.

43
. Goldstein,
First World War Peace Settlements
, 83.

44
. Lamb,
The Drift to War
, 6.

45
. Lee,
European Dictatorships
, 1–4, 18.

46
. Robert Boyce, “World Depression, World War: Some Economic Origins of the Second World War,” in
Paths to War
, ed. Robert Boyce and Esmonde M. Robertson (London: MacMillan, 1989), 62.

47
. Angus Calder,
The People’s War: Britain, 1939–1945
(New York: Pantheon, 1969), 27.

48
. Jakob B. Madsen, “Agricultural Crises and the International Transmission of the Great Depression,”
Journal of Economic History
(June 2001): 328.

49
. Margaret Lamb and Nicolas Tarling,
From Versailles to Pearl Harbor
(New York: Palgrave, 2001), 82–83. See also Dietmar Rothermund,
The Global Impact of the Great Depression, 1929–1939
(London: Routledge, 1996).

50
. Jonathan Marshall,
To Have and Have Not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), x, 2–12.

51
. Boyce, “World Depression, World War,” 57–59. Denis M. Smith,
Mussolini’s Roman Empire
(New York: Viking Press, 1976), 41; Fortune mentioned in Marshall,
To Have and Have Not
, 3. See also William Carr,
Arms, Autarky and Aggression: A Study in German Foreign Policy, 1933– 1939
(New York: Norton, 1972).

52
. Baumont,
Origins of the Second World War
, 40–41.

53
. Ibid., 3.

54
. Concerning Hitler’s ultimate aims, historians’ opinions are widely varied. Maurice Baumont, Norman Rich, Gerhard Weinberg, and others of like mind view Hitler’s objectives as fully premeditated and mapped out. See Baumont,
Origins of the Second World War
; Norman Rich,
Hitler’s War Aims
(New York: Norton, 1973–74); Gerhard Weinberg,
The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany
, vol. 2 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).

55
. Roosevelt quoted in Robert G. Kaufman,
Arms Control During the Pre-Nuclear Era
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 182.

56
. Ibid., 179.

57
. Ibid., 207–8; Walter Laqueur,
Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations
(New York: Scribner, 1990), 210.

58
. Gordon Wright,
Ordeal of Total War
(New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 11. Admiral Nagano quoted in James W. Morley, ed.,
The Final Confrontation: Japan’s Negotiations with the United States, 1941
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 267.

59
. John Toland,
The Rising Sun
(New York: Random House, 1970), 75.

60
. Stalin quoted in Alexander Werth,
Russia at War, 1941–1945
(New York: Carroll and Graf, 1964), 49.

CHAPTER 2: POLITICS

1
. Stalin quoted in David McCullough,
Truman
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 445.

2
. J. Denis Derbyshire and Ian Derbyshire,
Political Systems of the World
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 590.

3
. Ibid.

4
. F. L. Carsten,
The Rise of Fascism
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1982), 47.

5
. Winston Churchill,
Their Finest Hour
(New York: Bantam Books, 1974), 21.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Philip Goodhart,
Fifty Ships That Saved the World
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965).

8
. Matsuoka quoted in John Toland,
The Rising Sun
(New York: Random House, 1970), 81.

9
. James M. Morley, ed.,
The Final Confrontation: Japan’s Negotiations with the United States, 1941
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 308–9.

10
. Joseph P. Lash,
Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941
(New York: Norton, 1976), 264.

11
. For more detail on the implementation of Lend-Lease, see Raymond H. Dawson,
The Decision to Aid Russia
, 1941 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1959); Warren F. Kimball,
The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939–1941
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969).

12
. Lash,
Roosevelt and Churchill
, 398–99. Churchill quoted in Kimball,
Forged in War
, 137.

13
. Roosevelt quoted in Steven Casey,
Cautious Crusade
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 199.

14
. William L. Shirer,
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
(New York: Fawcett Crest, 1988), 1176.

15
. Christian Gerlach, “The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of the German Jews, and Hitler’s Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews,”
Journal of Modern History
(December 1998): 762.

16
. Ibid., 759–812.

17
. Roosevelt quoted in Doris Kearns Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front on World War II
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 408.

18
. Kimball,
Forged in War
, 188–89.

19
. Casey,
Cautious Crusade
, 109–29.

20
. Keith Eubank,
Summit at Teheran
(New York: William Morrow, 1985), 253–54, 308–9.