The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (90 page)

33
. John Read to Josiah Meigs, April 17, 1817; TP, 18:83–84; J. Brahan to J. Meigs, February 18, 1818; TP, 18:260–261; Israel Pickens to W. Lenoir, December 18, 1816, C. S. Howe Papers, SHC; J. W. Walker to L. Newby, February 28, 1817, Larkin Newby Papers, Duke; M. E. Williams to Mary K. Williams, September 10, 1823, Hawkins Family Papers, SHC;
New-York Columbian
, April 21, 1818; J. Mills Thornton,
Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800–1860
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1978); NSV, 249; Anne Royall,
Letters from Alabama
(Washington, DC, 1830), 114; J. Campbell to D. Campbell, December 16, 1817, Campbell Papers, Duke; Daniel Dupre,
Transforming the Cotton Frontier: Madison County, Alabama, 1800–1840
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1997), 41–86;
Carolina Republican
, March 8, 1817; cf. Thomas Chase Hagood, “‘I Looked Upon the Long Journey, Through the Wilderness, with Much Pleasure’: Experiencing the Early Republic’s Southern Frontier,”
Journal of Backcountry Studies
6, no. 1 (2011),
www.partnershipsjournal.org/index.php/jbc/issue/view/25
(accessed December 26, 2013).

34
. See Table 1.1.

35
.
Baltimore Patriot
, July 16, 1819; LC, April 15, 1817, March 12, 1819; LG, June 14, 1817, June 9, 1818.

36
.
Baltimore Patriot
, July 16, 1819.

37
. Lawrence J. Kotlikoff, “The Structure of Slave Prices in New Orleans, 1804 to 1862,”
Economic Inquiry
17 (1979): 496–518; Jonathan Pritchett, “Quantitative Estimates of the U.S. Interregional Slave Trade, 1820–1860,”
Journal of Economic History
61, no. 2 (2001): 467–475; and my analysis (with assistance from Jordan Suter) of slave sales reported in HALL.

38
. Henry Watson,
Narrative of Henry Watson: A Fugitive Slave
(Boston, 1848), 12; J. Sain to Obadiah Fields, May 25, 1821, O. Fields to Jane Fields, November 29, 1822, Acct. O. Fields, 1822, Obadiah Fields Papers, Duke; Certificate issued to William Haxall, Petersburg Insurance Company, 1823, Mss 1H3203d, Haxall Papers, VHS; Grandmother Trist to Nicholas Trist, April 25, 1822, N. P. Trist Papers, SHC; Adam Hodgson,
Remarks During a Journey Through North America in the Years 1819, 1820, 1821
(New York, 1823), 55–56. James Kirke Paulding, in
Letters from the South, Written During an Excursion in the Summer of 1816
(New York, 1817), 124–125, reports a trader paying $500 for a mulatto Virginia woman. According to Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman (in
Slave Sales and Appraisals, 1775–1865
, ICPSR07421-v3 [Rochester, NY: University of Rochester (producer), 1976; Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (producer and distributor)], 2006–10–11, doi:10.3886/ICPSR07421.v3), twenty-three men were sold in Maryland (1815–1819) at a mean price of $220 and a mean age of twenty-one. HALL shows average male price in New Orleans in 1815 to 1819 as $810 (mean age twenty-five). Jonathan Pritchett and Herman Freudenberger, “The Domestic United States Slave Trade: New Evidence,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
21 (1991): 447–477, notes $17 shipping per slave, 1830s, p. 473.

39
.
A Narrative of the Life and Labors of the Reverend G. W. Offley
(Hartford, CT, 1859), 5–6; W. C. Whitaker to J. Whitaker, January 16, 1835, Coffield-Bellamy Papers, SHC. On competitive bidding, see Ariela J. Gross,
Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Courtroom
(Princeton, NJ, 2000); Johnson,
Soul by Soul.

40
. Louis Hughes,
Thirty Years a Slave: The Institution of Slavery as Seen on the Plantation and in the Home of a Planter
(Milwaukee, WI, 1897), 7–8.

41
. Watson,
Narrative
, 12–13; L. M. Mills, ST, 502–503.

42
. ST, 503, 507, 727, 744. Johnson,
Soul by Soul
, emphasizes give-and-take between slave and buyer.

43
. Delicia Patterson, AS, 11.2 (MO), 270–271; Dickson, ST, 507.

44
. MW, 103; Hodgson,
Remarks
, 55–56; Maria Clemons, AS, 8.2 (AR), 17; Charlotte Willis, AS, 11.1 (AR), 198; Sella Martin, ST, 727.

45
. Charles L. Perdue Jr., Thomas E. Barden, and Robert K. Phillips, eds.,
Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves
(Charlottesville, VA, 1976), 14–15; Knight,
Letters
, 78.

46
. Tabb Gross, Lewis Smith, ST, 347; Paulding,
Letters
, 1:124–130; Perdue et al., eds.,
Weevils in the Wheat
, 325–326; Henson,
Life
, 44; Allen Sidney, ST, 522; John Lambert,
Travels Through Canada and the United States of America, In the Years 1806, 1807, and 1808
(London, 1816), 1:167–169; William N. Blane,
An Excursion Through the United States and Canada During the Years 1822–1823, by an English Gentleman
(London, 1824), 226–227; ASAI, 153–155; Bancroft,
Slave Trading
, 108–112; Thomas Hamilton,
Men and Manners in America
(Philadelphia, 1843), 347. Knight, in
Letters
, 101–102, 127, refers to sellers as “slave-jockies.”

47
. Bancroft,
Slave Trading
, 106; Edward E. Baptist, “‘Cuffy,’ ‘Fancy Maids,’ and ‘One-Eyed Men’: Rape, Commodification, and the Domestic Slave Trade in the United States,”
AHR
106 (2001): 1619–1650; ST, 503–507, 727, 744; Perdue et al., eds.,
Weevils in the Wheat
, 48–49, 166; Cornelia Andrews, AS, 14.1 (NC), 29.

48
.
LG
, April 2, 1816, November 20, 1817, June 3, 1818; NR, April 26, 1817, 144; J. Perkins to J. Minor, August 20, 1814, Minor Papers, SHC.

49
. Aristotle,
Nicomachean Ethics
, trans. David Ross (London, 1980), 212; David Brion Davis,
Slavery and Human Progress
(New York, 1984), 25.

50
. Wm. Kenner to J. Minor, March 1, 1816, Wm. Kenner Papers, LLMVC.

51
. J. Knight to Wm. Beall, January 27, 1844, Box 2, John Knight Papers, Duke; E. B. Hicks to John Paup, August 6, 1837, 1830–1846 Folder, E. B. Hicks Papers, Duke; Philip Troutman, “Slave Trade and Sentiment in Antebellum Virginia” (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 2000).

52
. J. Knight to Wm. Beall, January 27, 1844, Box 2, John Knight Papers, Duke. French-language advertisements for slave sales in the 1810s did not use
main
, the translation of the word “hand,” but
négres de pioche
—“Negroes of the pickaxe,” or, colloquially, “Blacks who sweat”: Vente de l’Encan, LC, June 25, 1817.

53
. HALL; Philip D. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Low Country
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1999); Dylan Penningroth,
Claims of Kinfolk: African-American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2003); Roderick A. McDonald,
The Economy and Material Culture of Slaves: Goods and Chattels on the Sugar Plantations of Jamaica and Louisiana
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1993).

54
.
LC
, January 1, 1819; bills of sale, Compagnie Assurance de la Nouvelle-Orleans, to multiple purchasers, HALL, 89554–89607, 90226, 90405, 91505, 90046, 927161, 90279, 92761. The
Louisiana Courier
ad for William and Rachel’s sale listed sixteen of twenty-eight as skilled, but none of the bills of sale identified skills:
LC
, January 25, 1819.

55
. ST, 695–697; Perdue et al., eds.,
Weevils in the Wheat
, 71; J. Stille to Mrs. Gayoso, August 29, 1805, Fol. 10, R. R. Barrow Papers, Tulane.

56
.
LC
, January 25, 1819; HALL; Richard H. Steckel, “A Peculiar Population: The Nutrition, Health, and Mortality of U.S. Slaves from Childhood to Maturity,”
Journal of Economic History
46, no. 3 (1986): 721–741.

57
. Herbert Gutman and Richard Sutch, in “The Slave Family: Protected Agent of Capitalist Expansion or Victim of the Slave Trade?” in Paul A. David,
Reckoning with Slavery: A Critical Study in the Quantitative History of American Negro Slavery
(New York, 1976), 94–133, esp. 112–120, rely on Fogel and Engerman’s samples of New Orleans notarial records; I rely on HALL’s complete sales through 1820.

58
.
LC
, January 1, 1819; HALL, 89554–89607; Pearse,
Narrative
, 85.

59
. Melinda, MW, 167. Cf. Helen Odom, AS, 10.5 (AR), 227; Cora Poche, AS, 9.4 (MS), 1726; Clarissa Scales, AS, 5.4 (TX), 3; Robert Laird, AS, 8.3 (MS), 1292; Milton Ritchie, AS, 10.6 (AR), 271.

60
. Milton Ritchie, AS, 10.6 (AR), 271; Carry Allen Patton, AS, 10.6 (AR), 298; Eyre Crowe, quoted in Bancroft,
Slave Trading
, 116.

61
. HALL, 91162–91163, 91173–91178, 91249, 91250, 91279–91289, 91300–91304.

62
. Thomas Buchanan,
Black Life on the Mississippi: Slaves, Free Blacks, and the Western Steamboat World
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2004); “Dick Eggleston Diary,” vol. 72, Roach-Eggleston Papers, SHC.

CHAPTER 4. LEFT HAND: 1805–1861

1
. Charles Ball,
Slavery in the United States: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball
. . . (New York, 1837), 125–136.

2
. Peter H. Wood, “Slave Labor Camps in Early America: Overcoming Denial and Discovering the Gulag,” in Carla Gardina Pestana and Sharon V. Salinger, eds.,
Inequality in Early America
(Hanover, NH, 1999), 222–238.

3
. William Grimes,
Life of William Grimes, Written by Himself
(New York, 1825), 26.

4
. James Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
(New Haven, CT, 1990).

5
. Ball,
Slavery in the United States
, 106–119.

6
. Ibid., 47–48, 128–131; ASAI, 101.

7
. Ball,
Slavery in the United States
, 117–119; Grimes,
Life
, 25.

8
. Israel Campbell,
An Autobiography, Bound and Free
(Philadelphia, 1861), 33; Philip D. Morgan,
Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Low Country
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1999), 179–186; Peter Coclanis, “How the Low Country Was Taken to Task: Slave-Labor Organization in Coastal South Carolina and Georgia,” in Robert L. Paquette and Louis Ferleger, eds.,
Slavery, Secession, and Southern History
(Charlottesville, VA, 2000), 59–78; Philip D. Morgan, “Task and Gang Systems: The Organization of Labor on New World Plantations,” in Stephen Innes, ed.,
Work and Labor in Early America
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1988), 189–220.

9
. Latrobe Sketchbook, III, 33, Maryland Historical Society; “The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record,” Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite Jr., Digital Media Lab, University of Virginia, image at
http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/SlaveTrade/collection/large/NW0048.JPG
(accessed October 18, 2013); Richard S. Dunn, “A Tale of Two Plantations: Slave Life at Mesopotamia in Jamaica and Mount Airy in Virginia, 1799 to 1828,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, 3rd ser., vol. 34, no. 1 (1977): 32–65, esp. 36–37; James Curry, ST, 134.