The Glass Cage: Automation and Us (41 page)

proximal cues, 219–20

psychologists, psychology, 9, 11, 15, 54, 103, 119, 149, 158–59

animal studies, 87–92

cognitive, 72–76, 81, 129–30

psychomotor skills, 56, 57–58, 81, 120

quality of experience, 14–15

Race against the Machine
(Brynjolfsson and McAfee), 28–29

RAND Corporation, 93–98

“Rationalism in Politics” (Oakeshott), 124

Rattner, Justin, 203

reading, learning of, 82

Reaper drone, 188

reasoning, reason, 120, 121, 124, 151

recession, 27, 28, 30, 32

Red Dead Redemption, 177–78

“Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation, The” (Yerkes and Dodson), 89

Renslow, Marvin, 43–44

Revit, 146, 147

Rifkin, Jeremy, 28

Robert, David, 45, 169–70

Robert Frost
(Poirier), 214

Roberts, J. O., 62

robotics, robots, 2, 6, 13, 19–20, 29, 30, 33, 39–41, 118, 153, 156, 219, 225, 227, 257
n

capabilities of, 8, 9

essence of, 36

ethical questions about, 183–93, 204

killer, 187–93, 198, 204

speed of, 186

Rodriguez, Dayron, 103

Roomba, 185

Royal Air Force, 49

Royal Bank of Canada (RBC), 170–71

Royal Majesty
(ship), 68

Rubin, Charles, 186

Russell, Bertrand, 21, 39

Rybczynski, Witold, 142

safety, 46, 53–59, 61, 91, 154, 169, 170, 184, 207

safety alert for operators (SAFO), 1, 170

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, 51, 53

Sarter, Nadine, 162

satisfaction, 14, 16, 17, 85, 132

Scerbo, Mark, 91

Schön, Donald, 143, 144

Schüll, Natasha Dow, 179
n

Schulman, Ari, 133

Schumacher, Patrik, 141

Science
, 73, 79, 219

scientific management (Taylorism), 107, 114, 158, 207

scientists, science, 46, 151, 155, 159, 160, 214, 217

scythe, 218–19, 221, 222, 224

search engines, 78–80, 206–7

self, 132, 161, 205–6, 216–17, 220

self-consciousness, jail of, 16

self-fulfillment, 24, 85, 157, 161

self-interest, 59–60

self-renewal, 132

senses, 8, 69, 83, 131, 134, 149–51, 201, 217, 219

sensors, sensing mechanism, 8, 36, 38, 46, 52

Shanghai Tower, 167

Shaw, Rebecca, 43–44

ships, 36–37, 68

Shop Class as Soulcraft
(Crawford), 147–48

Shushwap tribe, 228–29, 232

Silicon Valley, 7, 33, 133, 194, 226, 227

Simons, Daniel, 201

simplicity, 180, 181

Singhal, Amit, 78–79

60 Minutes
(TV show), 29

Sketchpad, 138

SketchUp, 146

Skidelsky, Robert, 31–32

Skiles, Jeffrey, 154

skill fade, 58

skills, 80–85, 161, 216–17, 218, 219

degradation of, 106–12, 125–31, 157

see also specific skills

skill tunneling, 202

Skinner, B. F., 179
n

Slamecka, Norman, 72–73, 74

slavery, slaves, 20, 21, 25, 26, 224–26

slot machines, 179
n

Small, Willard, 88

smartphones, 12–13, 33, 91, 136, 199–202

smartwatch, 201, 202

Smith, Adam, 21–22, 106–7

social decision-making, 122

social networks, 181–82

society, 159–60, 161, 172, 173, 176

automation’s changing of nature of, 193–99, 202

trade-offs made by, 207–8

sociologists, 109, 158–59

software, 1, 7–8, 12, 27, 28, 30, 33, 40, 52, 66, 67, 90, 108, 114–16, 119, 136, 151–52

architecture and design, 135, 138–47, 167, 229–30

cognitive processes and, 74–77, 80

compelling urgency of, 194

decision support, 70–71

ergonomics and, 164

ethics and, 184, 204

hidden assumptions of, 206

human- vs. technology-centered, 156, 160, 172–76

limits of, 9, 205

medical, 97–100, 114–15

planes and, 52, 54, 57, 168

social adaptations to, 202–8

trust in, 69

video games as model for design of, 178–82

software programmers, 157, 159, 174, 175

space, 129–30, 133–36, 205

Specialmatic, 174–75

speed, 17, 20, 35, 38, 51, 88, 159, 181, 207

of computers, 118–22, 139, 156, 164, 173, 219

of robots, 186

spell checkers, 180–81

Spence, Michael, 30

Sperry, Elmer A., 47

Sperry, Lawrence, 46–47, 50, 53, 232

Sperry autopilot, 47–49

Sperry Corporation, 49, 58

Spinoza, Baruch, 216

spy agencies, 120

Stanton, Neville, 90–91

Star Trek
, 232

steamships, 36–37

stick shift, 3–6, 13

Street View, 136

substitution myth, 67, 97, 98, 129, 193

Sullenberger, Chesley, 154, 170

supersystem, development of, 196

Sutherland, Ivan, 138

tablets, 153, 199, 202

tacit (procedural) knowledge, 9–11, 83, 105, 113, 144

talents, 12, 27, 61, 74, 83, 85, 112, 216, 217, 219

of doctors, 105

human, limits to replication of, 9

Talisse, Robert, 85

Tango (mapping technology), 136

Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 107, 108, 114, 158, 207

teachers, teaching, 10, 12, 32, 153

technical arrogance, 175

technological momentum, 172–75, 196

technological unemployment, 26, 27, 198

technology, 1–2, 150–51, 215–32

health information, 93–106

invisibility of, 203–4, 208–10

labor-saving, 17, 20, 28, 67

long history of ambivalence to, 21–41

master-slave metaphor and, 224–26

progress and,
see
progress, technological

TED conference (2013), 199–201

Tesla Motors, 8

tests, medical, 70–71, 99, 102, 245
n
–46
n

Thiel, Peter, 227

thinking, thought, 65, 67, 147–51

artificial intelligence and, 119

drawing as, 142–43, 144

Thinking Hand, The
(Pallasmaa), 145

Thomis, Malcolm, 23

THOR (software program), 171

Thrun, Sebastian, 6, 207

tools, 150–51, 158, 174, 185, 195, 215–19, 221–26

To Save Everything, Click Here
(Morozov), 225

traders, trading, 77, 115, 171

Tranel, Ben, 167

transport, 48, 49, 132, 173

“Tuft of Flowers, The” (Frost), 221

Turing, Alan, 119–20

Turkle, Sherry, 69

unconscious mind, 121, 148–49

unemployment, 20, 25–29, 38

technological, 26, 27, 198

United Kingdom, 95

University College London, 133

UPS, 117

U.S. Airways, 154

Utah, University of, 130

venture capitalism, 116

Veterans Administration, 103

video games, 177–80, 219

virtualization, 118

visual cortex, 82

vocabulary, generation effect and, 72–73

vocations, computers and, 12

Voltaire, 160

Volvo, 8

Vonnegut, Kurt, 39

Voss, Bill, 53

wages and income, 26, 31, 33

increase in, 22, 24, 30, 37

of pilots, 59–60

Wall Street, 77, 115, 156, 171

Wall Street Journal
, 60, 153

warfare, 19, 35–36, 41, 48, 49

killer robots and, 187–93, 198, 204

Washington, University of, 102

Watson (supercomputer), 118–20

Watt, James, 36

wayfinding performance, 130

wayfinding skills, automation of, 122–37

wealth, 22, 26, 29, 32, 33, 117, 226–27

Wealth of Nations, The
(Smith), 22–23, 106–7

weaving, weavers, 23, 36, 66

Weed, Lawrence, 123, 248
n

Weiser, Mark, 194–95

Weizenbaum, Joseph, 194

well-being, 15, 17, 137, 208

Wells, Thomas J., 49

Westinghouse, 175

Whitehead, Alfred North, 65–67, 83, 84

Wiener, Norbert, 37–40, 117, 158, 161

WifiSlam, 136

Wilde, Oscar, 25, 66, 224, 225

Williams, Serena, 82

Williams, William Carlos, xi

Wilson, Timothy, 15

Winner, Langdon, 209, 224

Wired
, 136, 153, 225

Woods, David, 162

word-processing programs, 101

Wordsworth, William, 137

work, 14–27, 213–14

paradox of, 14–16

standardization of, 107–8, 114

transfer of, 17–18, 66

see also
jobs; labor

world, 121, 123–24, 133, 216–20, 232

World War I, 58

World War II, 35–36, 41, 49, 157, 158, 174

Wright, Orville, 61, 168, 215

Wright, Wilbur, 60, 61, 168, 215

Xerox, 117

Xerox PARC, 194, 195, 202

x-rays, 70, 99

Yerkes, Robert M., 87–88

Yerkes-Dodson law and curve, 89–91, 165

Young, Mark, 90–91

Zaha Hadid, 141

Ziegler, Bernard, 170

Zuckerberg, Mark, 181, 203, 206

ALSO BY NICHOLAS CARR

T
HE
S
HALLOWS:

W
HAT THE
I
NTERNET
I
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D
OING TO
O
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B
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T
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B
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R
EWIRING THE
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ORLD, FROM
E
DISON TO
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OOGLE

D
OES
IT M
ATTER?

I
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T
ECHNOLOGY AND THE
C
ORROSION
OF
C
OMPETITIVE
A
DVANTAGE

T
HE
D
IGITAL
E
NTERPRISE

(editor)

Copyright © 2014 by Nicholas Carr

All rights reserved

First Edition

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The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:

Carr, Nicholas G., 1959–

The glass cage : automation and us / Nicholas Carr.

pages  cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-393-24076-4 (hardcover)

1. Technology—Social aspects. 2. Automation—Social aspects. I. Title.

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2014012271

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