The First Ladies of Rome: The Women Behind the Caesars (67 page)

4
Walton (1965), 12. Marie Mancini: see Antonia Fraser (2006)
Love and Louis XIV
:
The Women in the Life of the Sun-King
, 52 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson); also Schroder (2009), 392. For Henrietta’s involvement, see L. Auchincloss (1996),
La Gloire: The Roman Empire of Corneille and Racine
(Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press), 61–2, citing Voltaire’s preface to
Tite et Bérénice
.

5
This account of Agrippa’s activities is based on Josephus,
Antiquities
18.6. See also Jordan (1974), 30–48.

6
Josephus,
Antiquities
19.5.1.

7
Josephus,
Antiquities
18.8.2; 19.4.1; 19.5.1.

8
Josephus,
Antiquities
19.5.1.

9
Josephus,
Antiquities
19.8.2 and 20.5.2.

10
Josephus,
Antiquities
20.78.3. On the incest rumour, see
Antiquities
20.145; Juvenal,
Satires
6.157–8. The marriage with her uncle Herod produced two sons, Bernicianus and Hyrcanus, but little more is known about them.

11
Macurdy (1935), 246 and Jordan (1974), 113.

12
The plea for clemency on behalf of Justus dates from the period of the Jewish Revolt: Josephus,
Life
65. On the audience with St Paul:
Acts
25–6. On Berenice as a woman of wealth, see Jones (1984), 61.

13
Josephus,
Jewish Wars
2.15.1.

14
Josephus,
Jewish Wars
2.16–17.1.

15
Suetonius,
Vespasian
4; Josephus,
Jewish Wars
3.1–2.

16
Josephus,
Jewish Wars
3.7.

17
Agrippa’s Daughter
, 234–5 (1981 edition).

18
The Jew of Rome
(1935), 94–5.

19
Tacitus,
Histories
2.2.

20
Vout (2007), 158.

21
Suetonius,
Nero
35; Tacitus,
Annals
16.6.1–2.

22
Suetonius,
Nero
49; Cassius Dio,
Roman History
63.29.2.

23
Suetonius,
Galba
5; Barrett (2002), 223.

24
Suetonius,
Otho
1 on links to Livia.

25
Tacitus,
Histories
2.81.

26
Cf. Crook (1951), 163.

27
Suetonius,
Galba
1.

28
Suetonius,
Vespasian
20–2 on the new emperor’s character and favoured pastimes.

29
Boyle and Dominik (2003), 4–5 and 10–11 on Vespasian’s populist behaviour and the creation of a new aristocracy of power.

30
Suetonius,
Otho
10.

31
Tacitus,
Histories
2.64 on Galeria Fundana, and 2.89 on Sextilia. Cf. Suetonius,
Vitellius
14 where it is said that Vitellius either starved or gave poison to his mother, thus casting him as another Nero. Flory (1993), 127–8 on award of title of
Augusta
.

32
Suetonius,
Vespasian
3; Cassius Dio,
Roman History
65.14.

33
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
65.14 on Caenis’s influence and wealth.

34
Richardson (1992), 48.

35
Trans. Kokkinos (1992), 58. The altar was displayed in an exhibition on Vespasian at the Colosseum in 2009.

36
Lindsey Davis’s official website, referring to
her 1997 novel
The Course of Honour
.

37
Suetonius,
Domitian
12.

38
See Kleiner (1992b), 177–81 and (2000), 53 on Flavian female portraiture and the absence of a tradition under Vespasian and Titus.

39
See Varner (1995), 188.

40
McDermott and Orentzel (1979), 73. Phyllis: Suetonius,
Domitian
17.

41
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
65.15.3–4 on Berenice’s arrival at Rome. For arguments over chronology of her arrival and departure, see Braund (1984) and Keaveney and Madden (2003).

42
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
65.15.4; see also Braund (1984).

43
Juvenal,
Satires
6.156–7. Croom (2000), 128 and Roussin (1994), on lack of representation for Jewish costume.

44
We should not infer that Juvenal was buying wholesale into such disapproving tendencies, but rather parodying the reaction itself.

45
See Livy, 5.50.7; 34.1–8; Olson (2008), 106. For later citations of the fourth-century Roman matrons, see Hicks (2005a), 43 and 65.

46
Treggiari (1975), 55.

47
On Roman jewellery and attitudes to display, see Fejfer (2008), 345–8; Wyke (1994) and Olson (2008), 54–5 and 80f.

48
Jordan (1974), 212.

49
Quintilian,
Institutio Orationis
4.1.19.

50
See Crook (1951), 169–70 and Young–Widmaier (2002) for readings of this episode.

51
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
65.15.5.

52
The
Epitome de Caesaribus
10.4 claims that Titus in fact had Caecina killed on the suspicion that he had raped Berenice. This runs contrary to the accounts of Suetonius and Cassius Dio: see Crook (1951), 167. On the reaction to Berenice’s stay in Rome as a whole, see Braund (1984).

53
Suetonius,
Titus
7; also Boyle (2003), 59, n. 180.

54
Suetonius,
Titus
7.

55
On Berenice’s possible return, see Cassius Dio,
Roman History
66.18.1; also B. W. Jones (1984), 91.

56
Our only possible clue to her movements after this point lies in the 1920s discovery of an inscription in Beirut, recording the dedication there by Berenice of a colonnade: see Boyle (2003), 59, n. 180; Macurdy (1935), 247 and Hall (2004), 63.

57
Daniel Deronda
, chapter xxxvii, 392–3 (New York, Oxford World Classics, 1998).

58
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
66.26.3 and Suetonius,
Titus
10. Burns (2007), 93 on the line as a possible lament for Berenice.

59
Suetonius,
Domitian
3.1. Poppaea and her baby daughter Claudia Octavia were both given the appellation
Augusta
, but there is no evidence that Statilia Messalina, Nero’s third and final wife, received the title. See Flory (1987), 126.

60
Varner (1995), 194.

61
Flory (1987), 129–31.

62
Varner (1995), 194.

63
Suetonius,
Domitian
8. Temple of Minerva: Loven (1998), 90.

64
Ummidia Quadratilla: D’Ambra (2007), 134; and Pliny the Younger,
Letters
7.24.

65
Boyle (2003), 24f.

66
Martial,
Epigrams
8.36. See Tomei (1998), 45–53 on the Domus Flavia.

67
Matheson (2000), 73 and 216.

68
See also Bartman (2001), 10 on how a loosely woven fabric stiffened with beeswax or resin could be used as a mould through which to pull the sitter’s hair.

69
Ovid,
Amores
1.14.1–2 and 42–3. On dyes used in women’s hairdressing, see also Olson (2008), 72–3.

70
See plates section for an illustration of such a comb from the British Museum.

71
Juvenal,
Satires
6.490.

72
Lefkowitz and Fant (1992), no. 334 (8959).

73
Juvenal,
Satires
6.502–4. See Fittschen (1996), 42 and 46 on women
emulating the empresses’ styles.

74
Bartman (2001), 7–8.

75
Bartman (2001), 5f.

76
See Matheson (2000), 132 and n. 52. See Varner (1995) for full details of Domitia’s portrait tradition.

77
Kleiner and Matheson (1996), 169 and cat. no. 125. San Antonio Museum of Art: 86.134.99.

78
Bartman (2001), 8–9.

79
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
67.3.2.

80
Julia and Demosthenes: Macrobius,
Saturnalia
1.11.17; Claudia Octavia and the flute-player: Tacitus,
Annals
14.60. See Varner (2004), 86-7 and Vinson (1989), 440 on sexual misconduct as a pretext for political attack.

81
D’Ambra (1993), 9.

82
Wood (1999), 317 on comparison to Livia’s portraits; Kleiner (1992b), 178 on the diadem; cf. Varner (1995), 194–5, who says that Domitia was the first woman to have the diadem as part of official type.

83
See Wood (1999), 21, n. 35.

84
Suetonius,
Domitian
22.

85
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
67.3.2.

86
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
67.4.2.

87
Suetonius,
Domitian
3.1; cf.
Domitian
22. Cassius Dio,
Roman History
67.3.2 claims that Julia’s and Domitian’s relationship continued even after Domitia’s recall.

88
McDermott and Orentzel (1979), 93.

89
Wood (1999), 318.

90
Juvenal,
Satires
2.29–33. See also Pliny the Younger,
Letters
4.11.7.

91
The sainthood was withdrawn from her by the Roman Catholic Church in 1969. This Flavia Domitilla was the daughter of Vespasian’s daughter of that name.

92
Cassius Dio,
Roman History
67.15.2–4; Suetonius,
Domitian
14; Aurelius Victor,
de Caesaribus
11. On Domitian’s reflective walls, see Tomei (1998), 48.

93
Suetonius,
Domitian
1 and 17. The bodies of Vespasian and Titus, which had initially been placed in the mausoleum of Augustus, were later transferred here: Johnson (2009), no. 8 in appendix A.

94
Procopius,
Secret History
8.15–20.

95
Pliny the Younger,
Panegyricus
52.4–5, trans. in Varner (2004), 112–13.

96
Varner (1995), 202–5 and fig. 13, and Matheson (2000), 132.

97
Varner (1995), 205; McDermott and Orentzel (1979), 81f. For more on brick-stamps as evidence of female wealth, see Setälä (1977).

6
Good Empresses: The First Ladies of the Second Century

1
Marguerite Yourcenar,
Memoirs of Hadrian
[1951] (2000), 5, Trans. Grace Frick.

2
Colossus of Memnon: Brennan (1998), 215–7; Hemelrijk (1999), 164–70.

3
Trans. Lefkowitz and Fant (1992), 10, no. 26.

4
Hemelrijk (1999), 164 and n. 87 on the erosion of the poems.

5
For a useful summary of the history of Roman imperial conquest, s.v. ‘Rome’ in the
Oxford Classical Dictionary
, 1329.