The End of Power (48 page)

32
. Simon Johnson, “The Quiet Coup,”
Atlantic
, May 2009,
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/05/the-quiet-coup/7364/
. See also Johnson and Kwak,
13 Bankers.

1
. Interview with Javier Solana, Washington, DC, May 2012.

2
. Larkin,
Collected Poems.

3
. William Odom, “NATO's Expansion: Why the Critics Are Wrong,”
National Interest
, Spring 1995, p. 44.

4
. Charles Kenny, “Best. Decade. Ever,”
Foreign Policy
, September–October 2010,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/16/best_decade_ever
.

5
. Xavier Sala-i-Martin and Maxim Pinkovskiy, “African Poverty Is Falling . . . Much Faster Than You Think!,” NBER Working Paper No. 15775, February 2010.

6
. Interview with Homi Kharas, Washington, DC, February 2012.

7
. The results of this OECD survey and other relevant reports can be found at
www.globalworksfoundation.org/Documents/fact465.science_000.pdf
.

8
. Brzezinski,
Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power.

9
. Jason DeParle, “Global Migration: A World Ever More on the Move,”
New York Times
, June 26, 2010.

10
. Jorge G. Castañeda and Douglas S. Massey, “Do-it-Yourself Immigration Reform,”
New York Times
, June 1, 2012.

11
. The figures on remittances are quoted from the World Bank Development Indicators Database (2011 edition).

12
. Dean Yang, “Migrant Remittances,” in
Journal of Economic Perspectives
25, no. 3 (Summer 2011), pp. 129–152 at p. 130.

13
. Richard Dobbs, “Megacities,”
Foreign Policy
, September–October 2010,
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/16/prime_numbers_megacities
.

14
. The National Intelligence Council, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, “Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds” (Washington, DC, 2012).

15
. Saxenian,
The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy.

16
. The figures on tourist arrivals are from the World Bank's World Development Indicators Database (2011 edition).

17
. World Bank, “World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography” (2009).

18
. The figures on foreign exchange are from the Bank for International Settlements: Statistical Report (2011),
http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf10t.htm
.

19
. “Somali Mobile Phone Firms Thrive Despite Chaos,” Reuters, November 3, 2009.

20
. These data are taken from the World Bank's World Development Indicators Database (multiple years) and the International Telecommunications Union indicators database.

21
. Ibid.

22
. Ibid.

23
. Data provided by Facebook, Twitter, and Skype.

24
. Long Distance Post, “The History of Prepaid Phone Cards,”
http://www.ldpost.com/telecom-articles/
.

25
. Ericsson (telecom company),
Traffic and Market Report
, June 2012.

26
. Huntington,
Political Order in Changing Societies.

27
. Al-Munajjed et al., “Divorce in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Risks and Implications,” Booz and Co, 2010.

28
. National Intelligence Council, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, “Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds” (Washington DC, 2012), p. 12.

29
. Frey,
Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America.

30
. William Frey, “A Boomlet of Change,”
Washington Post
, June 10, 2012.

31
. Inglehart and Welzel,
Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy.

32
. Pharr and Putnam,
Disaffected Democracies: What's Troubling the Trilateral Countries.
For a discussion of this issue as it applies to the United States, see also Mann and Ornstein,
It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism.

33
. Mathews, “Saving America.”

34
. For Gallup survey data on public confidence in sixteen institutions between 1936 and 2012, see
http://www.gallup.com/poll/1597/Confidence-Institutions.aspx?utm_source=email-a-friend&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=sharing&utm_content=morelink
. For Gallup survey data on labor unions, see
http://www.gallup.com/poll/12751/Labor-Unions.aspx?utm_source=email-a-friend&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=sharing&utm_content=morelink
. For Gallup survey data on Congress, see
http://www.gallup.com/poll/1600/Congress-Public.aspx?utm_source=email-a-friend&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=sharing&utm_content=morelink
. And for Gallup survey data on government, see
http://www.gallup.com/poll/27286/Government.aspx?utm_source=email-a-friend&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=sharing&utm_content=morelink
.

35
. “Americans' Approval of the Supreme Court is Down in a New Poll,”
New York Times
, June 8, 2012.

36
. Pew Global's Web address is
http://www.pewglobal.org/
.

37
. Norris,
Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government.

38
. “European Commission,”
Eurobarometer
,
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/eb/eb76/eb76_first_en.pdf
.

39
. Shelley Singh, “India Accounts for 51% of Global IT-BPO Outsourcing: Survey,”
Times of India
, April 28, 2012,
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/outsourcing/India-accounts-for-51-of-global-IT-BPO-outsourcing-Survey/articleshow/12909972.cms
.

40
. Nadeem,
Dead Ringers: How Outsourcing Is Changing the Way Indians Understand Themselves.

41
. Dhar, “More Indian Women Postponing Motherhood.”

42
. Schumpeter, “The Historical Approach to the Analysis of Business Cycles,” in
Essays: On Entrepreneurs, Innovations, Business Cycles, and the Evolution of Capitalism
, p. 349.

1
. This passage was originally part of a speech given at Munich University in 1918. See Weber,
Essays in Sociology
, p. 78.

2
. Ronald Brownstein, “The Age of Volatility,”
The National Journal
, October 29, 2011.

3
. Interview with Minxin Pei, Washington, DC, June 2012.

4
. Interview with Lena Hjelm-Wallén, Brussels, May 2011.

5
. Tiririca, quoted in “Ex-clown Elected to Brazil Congress Must Prove He Can Read and Write,” November 11, 2010,
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-10-05/brazilian-clown-elected-to-congress/2285224
.

6
. Beppe Severgnini, “The Chirruping Allure of Italy's Jiminy Cricket,”
Financial Times
, June 4, 2012.

7
. Greg Sargent, “Sharron Angle Floated Possibility of Armed Insurrection,”
Washington Post
, June 15, 2010,
http://voices.washingtonpost.com/plum-line/2010/06/sharron_angle_floated_possibil.html
.

8
. This figure is quoted from Matt Golder, “Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World, 1946–2000,”
Electoral Studies
(2004),
https://files.nyu.edu/mrg217//files/11/37/91/f113791/public/es_long.pdf
. In the same publication, see also Figures 5.1 and 5.2, which show the proliferation of sovereign states, the decline of dictatorships, and the rise of democracies.

9
. See Marshall et al., “Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2010” (2010), Polity IV Project, available online at
http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm
.

10
. Larry Diamond, “The Democratic Rollback,”
Foreign Affairs
, March-April 2008; see also Larry Diamond, “Can the Whole World Become Democratic? Democracy, Development and International Politics,” PhD thesis, University of California at Irvine, April 17, 2003.

11
. Golder, “Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World, 1946–2000.” As of 2004, Golder had identified Brunei and the United Arab Emirates, both of which
held parliamentary elections in 2011. The Election Guide website run by IFES has no record of elections in Brunei.

12
. Dalton and Gray, “Expanding the Electoral Marketplace.”

13
. Golder, “Democratic Electoral Systems Around the World, 1946–2000.”

14
. Interview with Bill Sweeney, Washington, DC, June 2012.

15
. This figure is based on my own calculations.

16
. For a statistical analysis and more details, see the appendix to this chapter at the end of the book.

17
. In prior elections, Richard Nixon, Lyndon Johnson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Warren Harding won the presidency with a larger margin than Ronald Reagan's in 1984.

18
. Updated information is available in BBC News, “Belgium Swears in New Government Headed by Elio Di Rupo,” December 6, 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16042750
.

19
. Narud and Valen, “Coalition Membership and Electoral Performance.”

20
. Damgaard, “Cabinet Termination.”

21
. Wil Longbottom, “Shiver Me Timbers! Pirate Party Wins 15 Seats in Berlin Parliamentary Elections,”
Daily Mail
, September 19, 2011,
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2039073/Pirate-Party-wins-15-seats-Berlin-parliamentary-elections.html
.

22
. Richard Chirgwin, “Pirate Party Takes Mayor's Chair in Swiss City: Welcome to Eichberg, Pirate Politics Capital of the World,”
The Register
(UK), September 23, 2012,
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/23/pirate_wins_eichberg_election/
.

23
. The concept of the “selectorate” is from Bueno de Mesquita et al.,
The Logic of Political Survival.

24
. Kenig, “The Democratization of Party Leaders' Selection Methods: Canada in Comparative Perspective.”

25
. Carey and Polga-Hecimovich, “Primary Elections and Candidate Strength in Latin America.”

26
. Joel M. Gora, quoted in Eggen, “Financing Comes Full Circle After Watergate.”

27
. Kane, “Super PAC Targets Incumbents of Any Stripe,”

28
. Blake, “Anti-Incumbent Super PAC's Funds Dry Up.”

29
. See Ansell and Gingrich, “Trends in Decentralization.”

30
. Stein, “Fiscal Decentralization and Government Size in Latin America.”

31
. Aristovnik, “Fiscal Decentralization in Eastern Europe: A Twenty-Year Perspective.”

32
. Stephen J. Kobrin, “Back to the Future: Neo-medievalism and the Post-modern Digital World Economy,”
Journal of International Affairs
, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Spring 1998): 361–386.

33
. Pilling, “India's Bumble Bee Defies Gravity.”

34
. Goldstein and Rotich, “Digitally Networked Technology in Kenya's 2007–2008 Post-Election Crisis.”

35
. Niknejad, “How to Cover a Paranoid Regime from Your Laptop.”

36
. Friedman,
The Lexus and the Olive Tree
, pp. 101–111; emphasis added.

37
. Elinor Mills, “Old-Time Hacktivists: Anonymous, You've Crossed the Line,”
CNet
, March 30, 2012,
http://news.cnet.com/8301–27080_3–57406793–245/old-time-hacktivists-anonymous-youve-crossed-the-line
.

38
. Diamond and Plattner,
Liberation Technology: Social Media and the Struggle for Democracy
, p. xi.

39
. Interview with Lena Hjelm-Wallén, Brussels, May 2011.

40
. Interview with Ricardo Lagos, Santiago, November 2012.

1
. Shan Carter and Amanda Cox, “One 9/11 Tally: $3.3 Trillion,”
New York Times
, September 8, 2011; Tim Fernholtz and Jim Tankersley, “The Cost of bin Laden: $3 Trillion over 15 Years,”
National Journal
, May 6, 2011.

2
. “Soldier Killed, 3 Missing After Navy Vessel Hit Off Beirut Coast,”
Haaretz
, June 15, 2006.

3
. One Earth Future Foundation,
The Economic Cost of Somali Piracy, 2011
(Boulder, CO: 2012).

4
. John Arquilla,
Insurgents, Raiders and Bandits: How Masters of Irregular Warfare Have Shaped Our World
, pp. xv–xvi.