The Eastern Front 1914-1917 (63 page)

³⁵
Kundmann-
Tagebuch
8th June, cf.
AOK. Op. B
. Fasz. 450 Op. Geh. 2 of 19th June, and passim, in these documents, for the great confusion with reserves.

³⁶
Ibid. Geh. Nr. 3 (Tersztyánszky’s message by Hughes apparatus of 19th June) and cf. Nos. 9 (30th June) and 19 (1st July).

³⁷
Kundmann-
Tagebuch
of 7th July 1916. He thought the way to Budapest was open

³⁸
Kersnovski vol. 4 p. 700ff. and Zayonchkovski:
Strat. ocherk
. vol. 6 p. 60ff.

³⁹
Brusilov:
Notebook
pp. 259f.

⁴⁰
Blair’s despatches nos. 6 and 9 of 8, 22nd August (WO. 106.1023,6); an exchange in
Voyennoye delo
1919 Nos. 4, 9–10, 15–16 concerns ‘Gvardiya na Stokhode’ and supplies interesting details on the Kowel battles. Zay onchkovski:
Strat. ocherk
vol. 6 p. 44f. gives details of strength: III Army 86 batteries to 16, the Guard Army 96 to 28, each on less than ten kilometres of front: ‘the battering-ram’.

CHAPTER TWELVE

¹
V. N. Vinogradov:
Ruminiya vgody pervoy mirovoy voyni
(Moscow 1969) is a convenient modern account and has a good bibliography. Older works: Kiritzesco:
La Roumanie dans la Guerre mondiale
(1935), Pétion:
Le drame roumain
(Paris 1928), Dabija:
România dîn războiul mondial
(4 v. Bucharest 1934–6) and the official two-volume work (1934–6) of the same title; some documents in Lemke pp. 839ff.

²
Langlois: 8e
rapport
(8th March 1917) pp. 3–15 and throughout discusses the Romanian army.

³
Vinogradov p. 229.

⁴
Oest. Ung. 1. K. V
p. 622 and Reichsarchiv:
Weltkrieg
X, p. 540.

⁵
Hoffmann:
Aufzeichnungen
I, p. 165.

⁶
F. Fischer:
Weltmacht
(3. ed. Düsseldorf 1964) and particularly K. H. Janssen:
Der Kanzler und der General
(Göttingen 1967) for these issues.

⁷
Reichsarchiv:
Weltkrieg
X p. 523f. and
Oest. Ung. 1. K. V
p. 120f.

⁸
Kersnovski vol. IV p. 800f. and A. M. Zayonchkovski:
Strategicheski ocherk voyni
(1923) vol. VI p. 57f. and V. Klembovski:
Strat. ocherk voyni
(1922) vol. V p.94f.

⁹
Hoffmann 1 p. 201.

¹⁰
Kersnovski p. 800ff. and vols. V and VI of
strat. och. voyni
are the most convenient (but always inadequate) Russian accounts. Reichsarchiv X p. 540f. and
Oest. Ung. 1. K
. V 117–623 cover these battles from the other side.

¹¹
Kersnovski p. 844.

¹²
v. his letter to Sazonov, 5th March 1916, in
Sbornik
(Nashipleniye) No. 15 p. 16f.

¹³
On the military side: Zayonchkovski,
Strat. och. voyni
p. 57f. and F. I. Vasiliev:
Rumynski front
(vol. VII of
strat. och. voyni
, 1922) are the best Russian descriptions; cf. E. v. Falkenhayn:
Der Siegeszug der 9. Armee
(1924) and the Romanian works in Note 1.

¹⁴
v. his report to Alexeyev in
Krasny Arkhiv
58 (1934). The Dobrogea army had 124 battalions to 79 and 89 batteries to 62.

¹⁵
v.
Flot v mirovoy voyne
(2 v. Moscow 1964) ed. Pavlovitch, vol. 2 p. 64.

¹⁶
A. Bazarevski in
Les Alliés contre la Russie
ed. Shliapnikoff p. 210ff. for Russian diversions of strength at the Allies’ request.

¹⁷
Chaadaeva p. 19 and Pétion p.139.

¹⁸
v. Col. Constantini: ‘La mission Berthelot’ in
Revue historique de l’armée
1967/4 and V. Fedorov: ‘Russkaya voyennaya missiya v Rumynii’ in
Voprosy istorii
1947/8.

¹⁹
V. Stupin: ‘Mitavskaya operatsiya’ in
voyenno-ist. sbornik II
(1919) pp. 31–93; Pukhov:
Mondzundskaya operatsiya
(Moscow 1957);
Flot v mirovoy voyne
; Reichsarchiv: XI and Kersnovski v. IV p. 84of.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

¹
Rabochi klass i rabocheye dvizheniye v Rosii v 1917 g
. (‘Materialy’, Moscow 1962) is a useful summary of this growth: v. especially A.S. Gaponenko’s contribution (pp. 14–48): ‘Rossiyski proletariat, ego chislennost…’; A. G. Rashin:
Formirovaniye rabochego klassa
(Moscow 1958); K.P. Leyberov and O.I. Shkataran: ‘K voprosu o sostave petrogradskikh promyshlennikh rabochikh v 1917 g.’ in
Voprosi istorii
1967/1; K.P.Leyberov: ‘O revolyutsionnikh vystupleniyakh petrogradskogo proletariata’ in
Voprosi istorii
1964/2 (with a good bibliography). The most useful survey of the interaction of economics and politics in 1917 is still P.B. Volobuyev:
Ekonomicheskaya politika Vremennogo pravitelstva
(Moscow 1962).

²
A. M. Anfimov:
Rossiyskaya derevnya v gody pervoy mirovoy voyni
(Moscow, 1962) pp. 250, table 75 and 254 table 77 (for 44 provinces); cf. A. I. Khrashcheva: ‘Krestyanstvo v voyne i revolyutsii’ in
Vestnik Statistiki
1920/Sept.—Dec. Nos. 9–12 pp. 4–47; esp. p. 29 (Tula Tver and Penza).

³
Sidorov: ‘Zhelezno-dorozhny transport’ in
Istoricheskiye Zapiski 26
(1948) pp. 3–64, and the revised version in
Ek. Pol
. pp. 565ff. give good figures for the railway-problem generally.

⁴
Sidorov:
Fin. pol
. p. 247 and passim. Claus,
op. cit
. also reviews financial matters ably, and the work of M. N. Apostol:
Russian Public Finance
(New Haven 1932) is a convenient but often misleading account in English. The contemporary reports of G. D. Dementiev and P. L. Bark in
Krasny Arkhiv
17 (1926) and 25 (1929) are useful mainly for the light they shed on contemporaries’ failure to understand the heart of the problem, and much the same is true of P. B. Struve:
Price Control in Russia during the War
(New Haven 1932).

⁵
Sidorov:
Fin. Pol
. p. 257.

⁶
P. B Volobuyev op. cit. p. 338ff.

⁷
Ibid. p. 295ff. and cf. Sidorov;
Fin. Pol
. for similar discussion

⁸
J Stamp:
Taxation during the War
(London 1932) p. 124.

⁹
Ibid.p. 245.

¹⁰
Volobuyev p. 340ff.

¹¹
R. Kahil:
Inflation and Economic Development in Brazil 1946–1963
(Oxford 1973), conclusion.

¹²
Teodor Shanin:
The Awkward Class
(Oxford 1972) p. 10.

¹³
Anfimov:
op. cit
. p. 63; cf. A. P. Minarik: ‘Sistema pomeshchichego khozyaystva v Rakityanskom imenii Yusupovykh’ in
Materialy po istorii selskogo khozyaystva i krestyanstva SSSR
Sb. 5 (Moscow 1962); for a rather traditional view of the agrarian revolt: Marc Ferro: ‘La Révolution au village’ in
Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique
14/1–2 (1974) pp. 33–53; army purchases: Anfimov p. 146f.

¹⁴
Sidorov:
Ek. Pol.
p. 457 cf. Anfimov pp. 117f., 133.

¹⁵
Anfimov p. 111.

¹⁶
Ibid. p. 310. Kuban and Stavropol furnished 15 million poods in 1916, as against 103 million in 1915. Samara, Ufa and Orenburg together gave 22 million in 1916, as against 232 million in 1915.

¹⁷
Anfimov p. 89 and table p. 142.

¹⁸
T. Shanin;
op. cit.
passim.

¹⁹
The census figures appear in English in Antsiferov:
Russian Agriculture during the War
(New Haven 1932), passim. They are criticized by V. S. Nemchinov:
Izbranniye proizvedeniya
(6 vols. Moscow 1967ff.) vol. 2 (1967) pp. 321ff. (sel.khoz. statistika…’) and vol. 4 (‘Razmeshcheniye proizvoditelnikh sil’) cf. Anfimov p. 119 on increases in sown land.

²⁰
Anfimov: table, p. 290 and cf. Sidorov:
Ek. Pol.
p. 573 for meat, butter.

²¹
Quoted in Volobuyev p. 385–6.

²²
Volobuyev, table p. 464, cf. Sidorov:
Ek. Pol
. p. 488; effects generally, pp. 410–23 and particularly A. S. Gaponenko:
op. cit
. and ‘Polozheniye rabochego klassa’ in
Istoricheskiye Zapiski 83
(1969) pp. 3–22.

²³
Volobuyev pp. 440ff. and cf. Struve:
op. cit
. for contemporary view of a liberal economist’s; Volobuyev, Sidorov
Ek. Pol.
and Anfimov, passim, for figures.

²⁴
The railway-problem is discussed by Sidorov:
Ek. Pol
. pp. 545ff, which replaces his earlier article (1948). There are important figures in Strumilin:
op. cit.
vol. 3 pp. 398f. and 415. Claus
op. cit
. p. 114 ff. is the only reliable account of the problem in a western language; Volobuyev p. 210 gives a figure of 15,500 for working locomotives in 1917, which is certainly more accurate than the figure often found of less than 10,000.

²⁵
The army has been subject of considerable literature, of which there is an excellent bibliography in Wettig:
Die Rolle der russischen Armee
. An important recent review of the subject is Marc Ferro: ‘Le soldat russe’ in
Annales
ESC 1971/1 pp. 14–39. The discovery that the Russian army did not really dissolve at all dates from: Gavrilov and Kutuzov: ‘Perepis russkoy armii’ in
Istoriya SSSR
1964/2 pp. 87–91.

NOTE ON SOURCES

As general introductions to this subject, the most useful works are: Marc Ferro:
The Great War
(London 1973) and A. J. P. Taylor:
The First World War
(Paperback ed. London 1966). The best short Russian account is D. Verzhkhovski and V. Lyakhov :
Pervaya mirovaya voyna
(Moscow 1964). The problem of 1917, altogether, is discussed in all aspects by Marc Ferro:
The Russian Revolution of February 1917
(London 1972) The French and English editions, but not the American, contain a comprehensive-bibliography.

For the military side, the most convenient bibliographical work can be found, for Soviet sources, in Verzhkhovski and Lyakhov: ‘Sovietskaya istoricheskaya literatura o pervoy mirovoy voyne’ in
Voyenno-istoricheski zhurnal
1964/12 pp. 86–92, which may still be supplemented by G. Khmelevski:
Mirovaya imperial. voyna… Sistematicheski ukazatel knizhnoy i stateynoy voyenno-istoricheskoy literaturi
(Moscow 1936) of which there is a photographic reissue by ‘Oriental Research Partners, Cambridge’. A. Gering:
Materialy k bibliografii russkoy voyennoy pechati za rubezhom
(Paris,
Voycnnaya byl
publications, 1968) is an essential addition for the émigré side. In western languages, M. Gunzenhauser:
Die Bibliographien zur Geschichte des Ersten Weltkrieges
(Frankfurt a. M. 1964) is extremely thorough, but has weak sections on the eastern European side. W. Lerat and A. Dumesnil (ed.):
Catalogue méthodique du fonds russe de la Bibliothèque de la Guerre
(Paris 1932) recites the works to be found in what is still the best collection for this subject in Europe, now re-named
Bibliothèque de documentation internationale contemporaine.
M. Lyons:
The Russian Imperial Army
(Stanford 1968) lists some regimental histories.