The Eastern Front 1914-1917 (60 page)

²⁴
Sidorov : ‘otnosheniya’ states that whereas 22•5 million roubles’ worth of machinery were imported in 1914–15, it rose to 95 million in 1915–16, measured in gold roubles.

²⁵
SM. 1914/No. 56 of 19th July.

²⁶
Sidorov :
Ek. pol
. p. 36ff.

²⁷
Sidorov: ‘Stroitelstvo kaz. voyen. zavodov’ p. 161 and Mayevski p. 69.

²⁸
ed. Frantz:
Russland auf dem Weg
(Polivanov section) p. 263

²⁹
Manikovski : vol. 3 p. 195 cf. Barsukov :
Russkaya artilleriya
vol. 1.

³⁰
Manikovski: vol. 1 p. 18, 88 and vol. 3 p. 192.

³¹
Pogrebinski:
Monopol. kapitalizm v Rossii
(Moscow 1958) p. 63.

³²
SM. 1915/No. 294 of 21st April.

³³
K. N. Tarnovski:
Formirovaniye gos. monopol. kapit. v Rossii
(Moscow 1958) p. 40ff. and cf. below, chapter 9.

³⁴
Istoriya organizatsii upolnomochennogo GAU… S. N. Vankova
(Moscow 1918) p. 3ff; cf. Langlois’s
rapport
No. 8 (19th March 1917) Note 4 on ‘La mission Pyot’.

³⁵
Langlois :
rapport
No. 3 (June 1915) passim.

³⁶
Mayevski: p. 135 cf. V. Ipatiev :
Life of a Chemist
(Stanford 1946)

³⁷
Generally, Hardach
op. cit.
and cf. K. D. Schwarz:
Weltkrieg und Revolution in Nürnberg
(Stuttgart 1971) p. 119.

CHAPTER EIGHT

¹
For an excellent bibliography of these collections, v. G.Wettig : ‘Die Rolle der russischen Armee im revolutionären Machtkampf 1917’,
Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte
(Berlin 1967) No. 12. The best collection is probably A. L. Sidorov (ed.) :
Revolyutsionnoe dvizheniye v armii
(Moscow 1967) but many of its items stem from September 1915, an exceptionally bad month. O. N. Chaadayeva :
Armiya
(Moscow 1935);
Tsarskaya
armiya
(Kazan 1932); soldiers’ letters in
Krasny Arkhiv
17 (1926) pp. 36–54, 4 (1923) pp. 17–24 and 64 (1934) pp. 73–84 and D. Menshchinski:
Revolyutsionnoye dvizheniye
2 vols. Moscow 1924) all deserve mention.

²
Questions of conscription etc. are examined in chapter 10. Russian military figures are a jungle, because the
Glavny Shtab
virtually broke down under the strain. Some figures were given in the collection
Rossiya v mirovoy voyne
(Ts. Stat. Up. Moscow 1925) but they are widely regarded as unreliable. Losses are discussed in Kersnovski vol. 4 p. 870f., N. Ya. Kakurin (ed.)
Razlozheniye armii v 1917 g.
(Moscow 1926), and variously in Sidorov (ed.)
Pervaya mirovaya voyna
(Moscow 1968); I take my sickness-figures from
Voyenno-istoricheski sbornik
(Moscow) I p. 175f. while prisoners are best read from the Central Powers’ side—v.
Oesterreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg
vol. 2 p. 729, note. By May 1916, there were about fifty men to every officer (in VIII Army, for instance, 225,000 men to 4,750 officers) and this was a great improvement on figures for 1915. Important details can be taken from the record of the Cholm conference: O. D. ‘Postanovleniye soveshchaniya v Kholme 4. iyunya 1915 g.’ and
prilozheniye
6 of A. M. Zayonchkovski:
Manevrenni period
pp. 404ff. while P. N. Simanski:
Razvitiye russkoy voyennoy sily
(Moscow 1938 gives a good overall picture.

³
Teodor Shanin :
The Awkward Class
(Oxford 1972); cf. H. Gauer:
Vom Bauerntum, Bürgertum und Arbeitertum in der Armee
(Heidelberg 1936) p. 48f. The German army recruited 86% of its permanent personnel from towns of less than 20,000 inhabitants, and from the countryside; cf. P. A. Zayonchkovski:
Samoderzhaviye i armiya
p. 122f.

⁴
Lemke pp. 178, 518–9; Kochubey:
Vooruzhennaya Rossiya
p. 13; N. Yevseyev:
Sventsyanski proryv
(Moscow 1938) p. 29; I. Patronov: ‘Staraya i novaya distsiplina’ in
Voyenni sbornik
(Belgrade) II (1922) pp. 221–43; Blair’s despatch No. 75 of 15th August 1915, WO. 106–999.

⁵
Lemke p. 222.

⁶
Yevseyev pp. 30–2; Lemke p. 180ff.; Chaadayeva p. 22–3;
Sbornik dokumentov mirovoy voyni na russkom fronte. Nastupleniye yugozapadnogo fronte v. 1916 g.
by RKKA. for General Staff use: No. 16 p. 25 (of May 1916). henceforth:
Sbornik
(Nastupleniye).

⁷
F. Glingenbrunner: ‘Intendanzdienst’
Ergänzungsheft
8 (1933) of the Austro-Hungarian official history, p.6.

⁸
Chaadayeva p. 18,44f.; Lemke p. 324f., 448, 515f.

⁹
Chaadayeva pp. 28–46; Svechin (ed.) ‘Dnevnik Shtukaturova’ in
voyenno-istoricheski sbornik
1 and 2; Lemke pp. 721, 800.

¹⁰
The campaign of 1915 is the least-covered part of the war from the Russian side. Neznamov (ed.)
Strategicheski ocherk voyni
parts 3 and 4 (1922–3) and A. M. Zayonchkovski:
Manevrenni period
(Moscow 1929) become essential, although they are thin. The O.D. documents become an original source of much value, together with monographs in the journals. G. Korolkov:
Srazheniye pod Szawli
(Moscow 1926),
Nesbyvshiyesya kanny
(1927) and
Przasnysz-skoye srazheniye
(1928) are essential; cf.
Flot v mirovoy voyne
(1964) I passim. for the navy’s rôle and
Reichsarchiv: Der Weltkrieg
vols. 7 and 8,
Oesterreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg
vol. 2 for the Central Powers’s side. Important additions to the record come from the ‘Dnevnik’ of F. F. Palitsyn, attached to
Stavka
and Alexeyev at this time, in
Voyenni sbornik
(Belgrade) vols. 3, 4 and 5 (1923–5), and from ‘Stavka i ministerstvo inostrannykh del’ in
Krasny Arkhiv 27
(1928) pp.3–57.

¹¹
Barsukov:
Russkaya artilleriya
table 6 p. 216; Schwarz:
Ivangorod
p. 126 and Gerasimov:
Probuzhdeniye
p. 30 (note); cf. Laguiche—GQG. in EMA Carton 77 (unnumbered despatch, of 4th August 1915—the first that Joffre knew of Russian plans to retreat).

¹²
Palitsyn 3, pp. 180–1 and 4, 272–3; O.D. to Alexeyev 23rd May and letter to him 12th June; Schwarz p. 118.

¹³
K. H. Janssen:
Der Kanzler und der General
(1967) supplies the best German account of these difficulties.

¹⁴
Blair, despatch No. 73, WO. 106–997.

¹⁵
Ratzenhofer: ‘Die Auswertung’ in
Ergänzungsheft
No. 6 (1933) p. 16.

¹⁶
Korolkov:
Przasnysz-skoye srazheniye
and Reichsarchiv:
Der Weltkrieg
vol. 8 p. 123ff.

¹⁷
Tactics: Palitsyn 5, 308–10 and Lemke p. 299ff.

¹⁸
O.D. to Alexeyev 6th July; Palitsyn 5, 311f. cf. Schwarz p. 140 and ‘oborona reki’ in
Voyennoye delo
(Moscow 1918) Nos. 16 and 17.

¹⁹
Lemke p. 214; Palitsyn 4, 277; ib. 5, 314; ‘B’ (probably Borisov) ‘Padeniye kr. Novogeorgievsk’ in
Voyennoye delo
1918 No. 12;

²⁰
Sveshnikov:
Osowiec
(Petrograd 1917).

²¹
M. Cherniavski (ed.)
Prologue to Revolution
(minutes of the Russian council of Ministers 1914–15) (N.J. 1967) p. 120ff.

²²
Blair despatch No. 73 (4th August 1915) WO. 106–997; Lemke p. 264, Kondzerovski p. 63f, Palitsyn 5, 308ff.

²³
Yevseyev p. 260 shows that these armies fell to 370,000 men in all—a lack of 600,000.

²⁴
Valentinov p. 47–8.

²⁵
O.D. ‘Soveshchaniye v Siedlce 15–90 iyulya’ (minutes) and cf. to Alexeyev, 18th and 23rd July.

²⁶
Lemke pp. 223–52 uses the text of Grigoriev’s trial; cf. Cherniavski (ed.) p. 75, Khmelkov
Osowiec
p. 88 for technical details, Palitsyn 4, 276 and ed. Frantz:
Russland auf dem Weg
‘Tagebuch des Grossfürsten Andrej Wladimirowitsch’ pp. 184–5.

²⁷
Cherniavski (ed.) pp. 134–145. The Moscow City Council passed a resolution in the Grand Duke’s favour.

²⁸
Menchukov:
Boy pod Logishinym
(Moscow 1938) p. 62.

²⁹
Gutor:
Frontalny udar pekhotnoy diviziyey
(Moscow 1936) covers the Lopuszno action which showed how much greater were German difficulties.

³⁰
Lemke p. 56ff is a brilliant description of the beginnings of the Sventsiany battle. Yevseyev’s is the most thorough account.

³¹
Menchukov
op. cit.
covers this action. The Russian 31. Corps had 12,000 men with 91 guns, each with 150 rounds. It took 734 men at Logiszyn.

³²
Oesterreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg
vol. 3 p. 1–170 and Zayonchkovski:
Manevrenny period
p. 345ff. cover the Galician–Volhynian side.

³³
Lemke p. 30ff. on conditions, cf. Kondzerovski p. 70f, Lemke pp. 170, 188, 140 (on Alexeyev) etc. and Palitsyn
Dnevnik
3, 160, 180f. and (ed.) Franz,
Tagebuch des Grossfürsten Andrej Wladimirowitsch
pp. 117, 166–7.

CHAPTER NINE

¹
SM. 1915/144 of 27th February.

²
V. S. Dyakin:
Burzhuaziya i tsarizm v gody pervoy mirovoy voyni
(Moscow 1967) is an essential modern source; cf. K. N. Tarnovski:
Formirovaniye gos. monopol. kapitala v Rossii
(Moscow 1957) p. 40; A. L. Sidorov:
Istoricheskiye predposylki Vel. Okt. Sots. Revolyutsii
(Moscow 1970); in English, particularly G. Katkov:
February 1917
(London 1967) and Bernard Pares:
The Fall of the Russian Monarchy
(London 1939), which is perhaps more important as a document of the liberals’ view than as a history-book.

³
S.M. 1915/485 of 16th and 19th June shows issue of subsidies to State factories in the Urals, and cf. Sidorov’s article: ‘Stroitelstvo kazennykh voyennykh zavodov’ in
Istoricheskiye Zapiski
54 (1955) p. 156–69.

⁴
S.M. 1915/864 of 3rd November shows Polivanov’s figures; cf.
Istoriya Organizatsii… Vankova
pp. 6–7; Sidorov:
Ek. Pol
. p. 36f.

⁵
G. Hardach :
Der Erste Weltkrieg
pp. 120ff. for useful comparisons.

⁶
S. A. Zalesski: ‘Mobilizatsiya gornozavodskoy promyshlennosti na Urale’ in
Istoricheskie Zapiski
65 (1959) pp. 80–118 esp. p. 105.