The Culture of Fear (46 page)

24
Newsweek,
2 September 1996 (Farrakhan quote), p. 19; Susan Douglas, “The Framing of Race,”
Progressive,
December 1995, p. 19 (Barnes quote). Information on Terry and Wildmon from Skipp Porteous,
Anti-Semitism: Its Prevalence Within the Christian Right
(Great Barrington, MA: Institute for First Amendment Studies, 1994). On Buchanan’s anti-Semitism see David Frum,
What’s Right
(New York: Basic Books, 1996); Michael Lind,
Upfrom Conservatism
(New York: Free Press, 1996).

25
James Baldwin, “Negroes Are Anti-Semitic Because They’re Anti-White” (reprinted essay from 1967), in
ThePrice of the Ticket: Collected Nonfiction
(New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1985), pp. 425-33; Hubert G. Locke, The
Black Anti-Semitism Controversy
(Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1994). See also Doris Wilkinson,
“Anti-Semitism and African Americans,”
Society
(September, 1994): 47-50; Paul Berman, “The Other and the Almost the Same,” Society (September 1994): 4-16; Jonathan Rieder, “Beyond Frenzy and Accusation,”
Common Quest
1 (Spring 1996): 2-6.

26
Associated Press, “Report Finds Rise in Campus Anti-Semitism,”
New York Times,
3 February 1993, p. A13.

27
Ibid.

28
Clyde Haberman, “Campus Newspaper’s Excursion into a Bitter Free-Speech Debate,”
New York Times,
1 November 1995, p. B3.

29
“Slurs in Student Newspaper Prompt Protests in Wisconsin,”
Chronicle of Higher Education,
24 November 1995, p. A6. See also “North Carolina Fraternity Council Elects Author of Lewd Memo,”
Chronicle of Higher Education,
8 December 1995, p. A33. For an example of strong reaction to the column at Columbia see Nat Hentoff, “College Degrees in Anti-Semitism?”
Village Voice
, 5 December 1995, p. 12, and Nat Hentoff, “Hentoff v. Wilkins,”
Washington Post,
18 May 1996, p. A19. Hentoff posits that prestigious universities are awarding “advanced degrees in anti-Semitism.”

30
“Thousands Protest at Penn State over Racist Graffiti,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, 24 November 1995, p. A7; “Students Rally Against Racism at Dartmouth College,”
Chronicle of Higher Education
, 16 February 1996, p. A4.

31
Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt, “The Research Needed to Understand Hate Crime,”
Chronicle of Higher Education,
4 August 1995, p. B1.

32
Marna Walthall, ‘Jonesboro Teacher Says Rap Music, School Killings May Be Linked,“
Dallas Morning News,
17 June 1998, p. A5; Timothy Egan, “From Adolescent Angst to Shooting Up Schools,“
New York Times,
14 June 1998, pp. A1, 20; ABC, ”World News Tonight,“ 16 June 1998.

33
Steve Hochman, “Rap Artist Is Jailed over Anti-Police Lyrics,“
Los Angeles Times,
4 March 1998, p. A3; Benjamin Adair, ’Jailhouse Rap,”
L.A. Weekly,
13 March 1998, p. 18 (contains lyrics); Steve Hochman, “A Rapper’s Risky Challenge,”
Los Angeles Times,
21 February 1998, pp. F1, 20.

34
Investment boycotts: Eric Boehlert, “Culture Skirmishes,”
Rolling Stone,
21 August 1997, pp. 29, 32; David Hinckley, “Rap Takes the Rap for Our Real Problems,”
New York Daily News,
4 June 1996, p. 33 (“civilization” quote). Tucker and Bennett: Judith Weinraub, “Delores Tucker, Gangsta Buster,”
Washington Post,
29 November 1995, C1 (contains Tucker quote); William Bennett, “Reflections on the Moynihan Report,”
American Enterprise,
January 1995, pp. 28-32; Frank Rich, “Hypocrite Hit Parade,”
New York Times,
13 December 1995, p. A23; Peter Range, “MM Interview: William J. Bennett,”
Modern Maturity
(March 1995): 26-30.

35
Nelson George,
Buppies,B-Boys, Baps,and Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture
(New York: HarperCollins, 1992), p. 156; Kevin Chappell, “What’s Wrong (and Right) About Black Music,”
Ebony,
September 1995, p. 25. For an example of the collaboration that was used for fundraising see William Bennett, Joe Lierberman, and C. DeLores Tucker, “Rap Rubbish,”
USA Today,
6 June 1996, p. A13, which ends with a toll-free telephone number. Those of us who dialed it got a recording that invited us to press 1 for information about the dangers of rap music, 2 for literature on a flat-rate tax proposal, or 3 to contribute money to Empower America. On political alliances against
rap see Leola Johnson, “Silencing Gangsta Rap,”
Temple Political& Civil Rights Law Review
(October, 1993): no pages listed.

36
George F. Will, “America’s Slide into the Sewer,”
Newsweek,
30 July 1990, p. 64; Henry Louis Gates, Jr., “2 Live Crew, Decoded,”
New York Times,
19 June 1990, p. A23. “Laughing” quote in Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Beyond Racism and Misogyny,” in M. Matusda et al.,
Words That Wound
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 111-32. See also James Jones, “Gangsta Rap Reflects an Urban Jungle,”
USA Today
, 2 January 1991, p. D13; Hinckley, “Rap Takes the Rap,” p. 33; Nelson George,
HipHop America
(New York: Viking, 1998).

37
Crenshaw, “Beyond Racism.” On the extent of sexism in rap and internal dialogues among rappers about the matter see Tricia Rose,
Black Noise
(Hanover, NH: Weslyan University Press, 1994), and Tricia Rose’s review of
A Sister Without Sisters
by Sister Souljah,
Women’s Review of Books,
June 1995, pp. 21-22. On overt homophobia and covert homoeroticism in rap see Touré, “Hiphop’s Closet,”
Village Voice,
27 August 1996, pp. 59, 66. On the racist subtext in attacks on rap see Amy Binder, “Constructing racial rhetoric,”
American Sociological Review
58 (1993): 753-67; Tricia Rose, “Rap Music and the Demonization of Young Black Males,”
USA Today Magazine,
May 1994, pp. 35—36; Jon Pareles, “On Rap Symbolism and Fear,”
New York Times,
2 February 1992, p. B1; Todd Boyd, “Woodstock Was Whitestock,”
Chicago
Tribune, 28 August 1994, p. 36.

38
On Dole’s remarks see Linda Stasi’s column,
New York Daily News,
5 June 1995, p. 3; “Dole Blasts ‘Depravity’ in Film, Music,”
Facts on File World News Digest,
8 June 1995.

39
Edward G. Armstrong, “The Rhetoric of Violence in Rap and Country Music,”
Sociological Inquiry
63 (1993): 64-83; John Hamerlinck, “Killing Women: A Pop-Music Tradition,”
Humanist 55
(1995): 23.

40
Milwaukee and Texas incidents: Rogers Worthington, “Gangsta Rap Blamed for Cop’s Killing,”
Chicago Tribune,
10 September 1994, p. 4; Elizabeth Sanger, “Change of Venue for Gangsta Rap Debate,”
Newsday,
28 June 1995, p. 31; Chuck Philips, “Texas Death Renews Debate over Violent Rap Lyrics,”
Los Angeles Times,
17 September 1992, p. A1; Jon Pareles, “Tupac Shakur, 25, Rap Performer Who Personified Violence, Dies,”
New York Times,
14 September 1996, pp. A1, 34. Other headline: David Van Biema, “’What Goes ‘Round ...’ ,”
Time,
23 September 1996, p. 40. Tucker continued to take on Shakur after his death: Johnnie Roberts, “Grabbing at a Dead Star,”
Newsweek,
1 September 1997, p. 48.

41
Ford and Cash songs quoted in Armstrong, “Rhetoric of Violence.”

42
Quoted in “Obituary: Tupac Shakur,”
TheEconomist
, 21 September 1996.

43
Songs quoted in Christopher Farley, “From the Driver’s Side,” Time, 30 September 1996, p. 70; Donnell Alexander, “Do Thug Niggaz Go to Heaven?”
Village Voice,
20 September 1996, p. 51.

44
Worthington, “Gangsta Rap”; Natasha Stovall, “Death Row,”
Village Voice,
24 September 1996, pp. 29-30 (contains definition of “THUG LIFE”); Chuck Philips, “Q & A with Tupac Shakur,”
Los Angeles Times,
25 October 1995, p. F1. Songs quoted in Armstrong, “Rhetoric of Violence.” Pereles quote from “Tupac Shakur.” On rap being
blamed see also Jon Pareles, “On Rap, Symbolism and Fear,”
New York Times,
2 February 1992, p. B1.

45
Kenneth Carroll, “A Rap Artist’s Squandered Gift,”
Washington Post
National Edition, 30 September 1996, p. 25; Ernest Hardy, “Do Thug Niggaz Go to Heaven,” L.A.
Weekly,
20 September 1996, p. 51. On the content and purposes of gangsta rap see also Eric Watts, “Gangsta Rap as Cultural Commodity,”
Communication Studies
48 (1997): 42-58.

46
“All Eyes on Him,”
Vibe,
February 1996.

47
Ralph Ellison,
Invisible Man
(New York: Random House, 1952), p. 1.

1
On the importance and persistence of combined fearmongering by presidents and the media about drugs see William Elwood,
Rhetoric in the War on Drugs
(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994), and Eva Bertram et al., Drug War Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).

2
Bertram et al.,
Drug War Politics,
p. 107; Glenn Frankel, “The Longest War,”
Washington Post
National Edition, 7 July 1997, pp. 6-8; Mack Reed, “Teenage Addiction Escalates,”
Los Angeles Times,
22 September 1996, p. B1; Christopher Wren, “At Drug Summit, Clinton Asks Nations to Set Aside Blame,”
New York Times,
9 June 1998, p. A6.

3
Drug problem statistic: Daniel Greenfield,
Prescription Drug Abuse and Dependence
(Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas, 1994); physician statistic: Dan Weikel, “Prescription Fraud,”
Los Angeles Times,
18 August 1996, p. A1; DEA: ABC, “Primetime Live,” 27 May 1993; budget statistic: “When It Comes to Drugs, Legal Doesn’t Mean Safe,”
Los Angeles Times,
25 August 1996, p. M4. See also Christopher Wren, “Many Women 60 and Older Abuse Alcohol and Prescribed Drugs,”
New York Times,
5 June 1998, p. A10.

4
Edward Jay Epstein,
Agency of Fear
(London and New York: Verso, 1990), pp. 61, 165-72.

5
Elwood,
Rhetoric in the War on Drugs,
chs. 2 and 3 (Reagan quote on p. 45); Bertram et al.,
Drug War Politics,
pp. 110-16; William Gonzenbach, “A Time-Series Analysis of the Drug Issue,”
International Journal of Public Opinion Research
4 (1992): 126-47.

6
David Fan, “News Media Framing Sets Public Opinion That Drugs Is the Country’s Most Important Problem,”
Substance Use andMisuse
31 (1996): 1413-21.

7
Availability heuristic: Russell Eisenman, “Belief That Drug Usage in the U.S. Is Increasing When It Is Really Decreasing,”
Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
31 (1993): 249-52; Karen Frost, Erica Frank et al., “Relative Risk in the News Media,”
American Journal ofPublicHealth
87 (1997): 842-45. Disjuncture between drug-abuse patterns and coverage: Craig Reinarman and Harry Levine, “The Crack Attack,” in C. Reinarman and H. Levine, eds.,
Crack in America
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 18-51; Jimmie Reeves and Richard Campbell,
Cracked Coverage
(Durham, NC:
Duke University Press, 1994), see esp. ch. 9; James Orcutt and J. B. Turner, “Shocking Numbers and Graphic Accounts,”
Social Problems
40 (1993): 190-206. Bush quote: Elwood,
Rhetoric in the War on Drugs,
p. 41.

8
Elwood,
Rhetoric in the War on Drugs,
pp. 40-42, 71-72 (contains Dowd quote); Reinarman and Levine, “Crack Attack.”

9
Reinarman and Levine, “Crack Attack”; Elliott Currie,
Reckoning: Drugs, the Cities, and the American Future
(New York: Hill & Wang, 1993); Jeff Leen, “A Shot in the Dark on Drug Use?”
Washington Post
National Edition, 12 January 1998, pp. 32-33; Elwood,
Rhetoric in the War on Drugs,
p. 39 (contains addiction statistics).

10
Peter Kwong,
The New Chinatown
(New York: Hill & Wang, 1996); Ed Knipe,
Culture, Society and Drugs
(Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1995), chs. 6 and 10; H. Wayne Morgan,
Drugs in America
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981), ch. 4; Thomas Szasz,
Ceremonial Chemistry
(New York: Anchor, 1974) (contains Gompers quote).

11
Diana Gordon,
The Return of the Dangerous Classes
(New York: Norton, 1994), p. 25.

12
Reeves and Campbell,
Cracked Coverage;
Reinarman and Levine, “Crack Attack,” pp. 21—22.

13
Michael Tonry,
Malign Neglect
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Reinarman and Levine, eds., Crack in America, chs. 11 and 13; Natalie Hopkinson, “Crack Case Puts Fairness on Trial,”
Atlanta Journaland Constitution,
27 February 1996, p. 1; Michael Massing, “Crime and Drugs: The New Myths,”
New York Review ofBooks,
1 February 1996, pp. 16-20; Carl Rowan, “Racism in Drug Sentencing Laws Puts Black America Behind Bars,”
Chicago Sun-Times,
10 November 1995; Maxine Waters, “Confronting the Realities of Public Policy Gone Wrong,”
Tikkun
12 (September 1997): 31-32.

14
National Public Radio, “Morning Edition,” 19 September 1996; Walter Shapiro, “The Drug Issue,”
USA Today,
18 September 1996, p. A2; D.James Romero, “Election ‘96: The Young and the Restless,”
Los Angeles Times,
24 October 1996, p. E1. See also David Savage, “Clinton Not to Blame for Rise in Teen Drug Use, Experts Say,”
Los Angeles Times,
18 September 1996, p. A5.

15
Kristina Sauerwein and Aisha Sultan, “Baby Boomers Tolerate Teen Drug Use,” St.
Louis Post—Dispatch,
15 September 1996, p. D1.

16
Jane Daugherty, “Boomers Come Face-to-Face with Kids’ Drug Abuse,”
Detroit
News, 27 February 1996. CBS report cited in Reeves and Campbell,
Cracked Coverage,
p. 150. See also Joseph A. Califano, “Dangerous Indifference to Drugs,”
Washington Post,
23 September 1996, p. A19.