The Creation of Anne Boleyn (50 page)

11. Lindsey 1995, 122.

12. Lipscomb 2009, 82.

13. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 11–15,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75430
.

14. Weir 2010, 235.

15. Wyatt 1817, 446.

16. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: June 1536, 1–5,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75435
.

17. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 1–10,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75429
.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Norton 2011, 34.

21. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 11–15,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75430
.

22. Weir 2010, 203.

23. Contributed by Natalie Sweet, “May 12, 1536,”
http://thecreationofanneboleyn.wordpress.com/2011/06/27/may-12-1536-the-trial-of-mark-smeaton-henry-norris-francis-weston-and-william-brereton
/ (accessed June 27, 2011).

24. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 16–20,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75431
.

25. Ibid.

26. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 16–31,”
Calendar of State Papers, Spain
, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87961
.

27. Lipscomb 2009, 88–89.

28. Ibid., 89.

29. Weir 2010, 212.

30. Ibid., 219.

31. Ibid., 121.

32. Sir William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 246. Modern spelling applied.

33. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.

34. Weir 2010, 223. Note that John Guy, in his review of Weir’s book (
The Lady in the Tower: The Fall of Anne Boleyn
, November 1, 2009,
http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/culture/books/non_fiction/article188852.ece
), claims that de Milherve and Lancelot de Carles have been shown by French scholars to be the same person.

35. Ibid.

36. Weir 2010, 225. Weir is quoting here from Jane Dunn,
Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens
, London: HarperCollins, 2003.

37. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: May 1536, 16–20,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75431
.

38. Weir 2010, 230.

39. Sir William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 246. Modern spelling applied.

40. Ibid.

41. Norton 2011, 256–7.

42. Ives 2005, 58.

43. Ibid.

44. Ellis 1824, 53.

45. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 16–31,”
Calendar of State Papers, Spain
, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87961
.

46. Sir William Kingston to Lord Cromwell, in Norton 2011, 248. Modern spelling applied.

47. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.

48. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.

49. Ibid. Modern spelling applied.

50. Ibid., 249. Modern spelling applied.

51. Weir 2010, 267.

52. Norton 2011, 225.

53. D’Aubigné 1869, 193.

54. Norton 2011, 267.

55. Norton 2011, 261. Modern spelling applied.

56. Ibid., 265.

57. Weir 2010, 285.

58. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: June 1536, 1–5,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75435
.

59. Thomas 1995, 105.

60. Ibid.

61. Dostoevsky 2008.

6. Henry: How Could He Do It?

1. Weir, 2010, 121.

2. Elton 1977, 71.

3. Lipscomb 2009, 87.

4. “Henry VIII and Miscarriage” 2011. Note that all but the first pregnancy between a Kell positive man and a Kell negative woman—which Anne Boleyn and Katherine of Aragon
might
have been—are vulnerable to miscarriages.

5. Cressy 2002, 46.

6. Sohn 2011.

7. Ibid.

8. Michael Hirst, interview with author, telephone, Lexington, KY, April 28, 2011.

9. Wilson 2003, 53.

10. Walker 2005, 7.

11. Ibid., 6.

12. Ibid., 11.

13. Ibid., 13.

14. Tremlett 2010, 357.

15. Wilson 2003, 217.

16. Boker 1850, 133.

17. Smith 1971, 25.

18. Erickson 1980, 287.

19. Longford 1989, 210.

20. Howard Brenton, interview with author, London, England, July 30, 2010.

21. Kreisman and Straus 1989, 10.

22. Smith 1971, 68.

23. Wilson 2003, 256.

24. Smith 1971, 82.

25. Hutchinson 2011, 15.

26. Erickson 1980, 50.

27. Ibid., 51.

28. Withrow 2009, 45.

29. Hackett 1945, 181. When doubts about his actions did arise (as they often did with Henry, whom Lacey Baldwin Smith describes as something of a “spiritual hypochondriac” who was constantly taking the temperature of the state of his soul), his tendency was to wall them out by placing the blame on others. If Katherine could not produce a male heir, that was her fault, not his. Although Henry may have genuinely believed the “sin” (of marrying one’s brother’s wife) was shared, he felt the remedy did not require any contrition on his part; he just got rid of the wife.

30. Anderson 1977, 8–9.

7. Basic Historical Ingredients

1. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 16–31,”
Calendar of State Papers, Spain
, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87961
.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Pascual de Gayangos (editor), “Spain: May 1536, 16–31,”
Calendar of State Papers, Spain
, Volume 5, Part 2: 1536–1538, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=87961
.

8. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: June 1536, 6–10,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 10: January–June 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75436
.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. James Gairdner (editor), “Henry VIII: December 1536, 1–5,”
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII
, Volume 11: July–December 1536, British History Online,
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75489
.

12. Norton 2011, 241. Ales had a terrifying dream the night before Anne’s execution, in which he saw Anne’s severed head, with all the veins, nerves, and arteries exposed. He didn’t know that Anne was to be executed that day, but shortly found out from the Archbishop of Canterbury, who—according to Ales—burst into tears: “She who has been the Queen of England upon earth will today become a Queen in heaven.”

13. Anne had encouraged Henry to send a delegation to seek the support of Lutheran Germany for the divorce.

14. Norton 2011, 242.

15. Ibid., 243.

16. Ibid., 239.

17. Weir 2010, 330.

18. Edward and Dudley’s motives differed, but fell in line with each other. Edward was worried that Mary would bring Catholicism back as the religion of the realm, and it was impossible to make a legal argument for Elizabeth but not Mary. Edward passed over both of them to name the sons of his remaining female relatives. None of those sons were born yet, however, so Dudley, to serve his own personal ambitions, had Jane Grey—who stood second in Edward’s line of succession—marry his own son. The plan: Jane and Guilford Dudley’s eventual son would be the next ruler of England. Unfortunately for Dudley (and hapless Jane Grey), he did not reckon on Mary’s huge popular support among the people. Her “rebel” army ultimately numbered nearly twenty thousand, and Dudley’s own garrison of sailors defected to her cause—a mutiny that dramatically showed which way the wind was blowing and led to the Privy Council shifting allegiance and proclaiming Mary queen.

19. Norton 2011, 239–45.

20. Freeman 1995, 799.

21. Foxe 1857, 58.

22. Lee 1909, 750.

23. Highley 2006, 158–59.

24. Hirst 2007, 161.

25. Levin 2008, 115.

26. Norton 2011, 16–24.

27. Ibid.

28. Wyatt tells virtually the same anecdote that Foxe does about Anne’s showing Henry
Supplication for the Beggars,
but in Wyatt, it is Tyndale’s
The Obedience of a Christian Man,
not Fish’s book, that Anne shows Henry. They were both “hot” reformist tracts, so it’s not surprising that in retrospective books written on the basis of the accounts of others, they may have gotten mixed up.

29. Norton 2011, 16–24.

30. Cavendish 1905, 34–35.

31. Ibid., 34.

32. Norton 2011, 17.

33. Ibid., 18.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

37. Miller-Tomlinson 2008.

38. Banks 1981, 74. Modern spelling applied.

39. Ibid., 68.

40. Ibid.

8. Anne’s Afterlives, from She-Tragedy to Historical Romance

1. Banks 1981, 9. Modern spelling applied.

2. Ibid., 38.

3. Hutchinson 2011, ix.

4. Allen 2009.

5. Ibid.

6. Austen 1993, 12–14.

7. Benger 1821, 21–22.

8. Ibid., 98.

9. Ibid., 98–99.

10. Ibid., 99.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 45–46.

13. Ibid., 198–99.

14. Ibid., 201–2.

15. Starkey 2004, 585.

16. Macaulay 1849, 3.

17. Women historians willingly accepted, and even promoted, the idea that they were doing something different from “general history”—writing “memoirs” or “lives” to create a place for themselves that would not be seen as “encroaching upon the province” male historians had carved out for themselves and were unwilling to share. See, for example, the Stricklands’ insistence that their own “unambitious pages” “will not admit of launching into the broad stream of general history.” (Maitzen 1998, 36.)

18. Maitzen 1998, 33.

19. Oliphant 1855, 437.

20. Strickland and Strickland 1864, 198.

21. Ibid.

22. Hunter 2002, 71.

23. Ibid.

24. Taylor 1877, 402.

25. Ibid., 373.

26. Goldsmith 1771, 353–54, 377–78, 384–85. Modern spelling applied.