The Confederate Nation: 1861 to 1865 (57 page)

Shiloh: James Lee McDonough,
Shiloh—In Hell Before Night
(Knoxville, Tenn., 1976); Wiley Sword,
Shiloh: Bloody April
(New York, 1974); Charles P. Roland, “Albert Sydney Johnston and the Shiloh Campaign,”
Civil War History,
IV (1958), 355–382.

Jackson’s Valley Campaign: Robert G. Tanner,
Stonewall in the Valley
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976).

Seven Days Campaign: Clifford Dowdey,
Seven Days: the Emergence of Lee
(Boston, 1964).

Antietam: Edward J. Stackpole,
From Cedar Mountain to Antiteam
(Harrisburg, Pa., 1959).

Kentucky: Grady McWhiney, “Controversy in Kentucky: Braxton Bragg’s Campaign of 1862,”
Civil War History,
VI (1960), 5–42.

Chancellorsville: John Bigelow, The Campaign of Chancellorsville: A Strategic and Tactical Study (New Haven, Conn., 1910); Edward J. Stackpole, Chancellorsville: Lee’s Greatest Battle (Harrisburg, Pa., 1958).

Vicksburg: Peter F. Walker,
Vicksburg: A People at War, 1860–1865
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1960); Thomas L. Connelly, “Vicksburg: Strategic Point or Propaganda Device?",
Military Affairs,
XXXIV (1970), 49–53.

Brandy Station: Fairfax Downey, Clash of Cavalry: The Battle of Brandy Station, June 9, 1863 (New York, 1959).

Gettysburg: Edwin B. Coddington, The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command (New York, 1968); Warren W. Hassler, Jr., Crisis at the Crossroads: The First Day at Gettysburg (University, Ala., 1970); Archer Jones, “The Gettysburg Decision Reassessed,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LXXVI (1968), 64–66; Clifford Dowdey, Death of a Nation: The Story of Lee and His Men at Gettysburg (Harrisburg, Pa., 1958); George R. Stewart, Picketts Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863 (Boston, 1959); Glenn Tucker, High Tide at Gettysburg: The Campaign in Pennsylvania (Indianapolis, 1958); and William A. Frassanito, Gettysburg: A Journey in Time (New York, 1975).

Chattanooga: Fairfax Downey,
Storming the Gateway: Chattanooga, 1863
(New York, 1960).

Mine Run: Jay Luvaas and Wilbur S. Nye, “The Campaign that History Forgot: Mine Run,”
Civil War Times Illustrated,
VIII (1969), vii, 11–36.

Red River: Ludwell H.Johnson, Red River Campaign Politics and Cotton in the Civil War (Baltimore, 1958).

Grant versus Lee: Edward Steere,
The Wilderness Campaign
(Harrisburg, Pa., 1960); Clifford Dowdey,
Lee’s Last Campaign
(Boston, 1960); Earl Schenck Miers,
The Last Campaign: Grant Saves the Union
(Philadelphia, 1972); Frank E. Vandiver,
Jubal’s Raid
(New York, 1960); Edward J. Stackpole,
Sheridan in the Shenandoah: Jubal Early’s Nemesis
(Harrisburg, Pa., 1961); Rembert W. Patrick,
The Fall of Richmond
(Baton Rouge, La., 1960); William C. Davis,
The Battle of New Market
(Garden City, N.Y., 1975); Philip Van Doren Stern,
An End to Valor: The Last Days of the Civil War
(Boston, 1958); Burke Davis,
To Appomattox: Nine April Days, 1865
(New York, 1959).

Atlanta and After: Richard M. McMurry, “The Atlanta Campaign of 1864: A New Look,”
Civil War History,
XXII (1976), 5–15; Samuel Carter III,
The Siege of Atlanta, 1864
(New York, 1973); Errol MacGregor Clauss, “The Atlanta Campaign 18 July-2 September, 1864,” Ph.D. dissertation (Emory University, 1965); James F. Rhodes, “Sherman’s March to the Sea,”
American Historical Review,
VI (1901), 466–474; N. C. Hughes, Jr., “Hardee’s Defense of Savannah,”
Georgia Historical Quarterly,
XL VII (1963), 43–67; John G. Barrett,
Sherman’s March Through the Carolinas
(Chapel Hill, N.C., 1956); Marion Brunson Lucas,
Sherman and the Burning of Columbia
(College Station, Tex., 1976).

Campaigns in the Far West: Wiley Britton,
The Civil War on the Border,
2 vols. (New York, 1899; Ray C. Colton,
The Civil War in the Western Territories
(Norman, Okla., 1959); Stephen B. Oates,
Confederate Cavalry West of the River
(Austin, Tex., 1961); Jay Monaghan,
Civil War on the Western Border, 1854–1865
(Baton Rouge, La., 1955).

Hood in Tennessee: Thomas R. Hay,
Hood’s Tennessee Campaign
(New York, 1929); Stanley F. Horn,
The Decisive Battle of Nashville
(Baton Rouge, La., 1956); Jacob D. Cox,
The Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864,
(New York, 1897).

About the Confederates’ Indian allies see: Frank Cunningham,
General Stand Watie’s Confederate Indians
(San Antonio, Tex., 1959); George H. Shirk, “The Place of Indian Territory in the Command Structure of the Civil War,”
Chronicles of Oklahoma,
XLV (1968), 464–471; and LeRoy H. Fischer and Jerry Gill,
Confederate Indian Forces Outside of Indian Territory
(Oklahoma City, Oka., 1969).

On cavalry raids some representative studies are: James Pickett Jones,
Yankee Blitzkrieg: Wilson’s Raid Through Alabama and Georgia
(Athens, Ga., 1976); Dee A. Brown,
The Bold Cavaliers: Morgan ‘s 2nd Kentucky Cavalry Raiders
(Philadelphia, 1959); Dee A. Brown,
Grierson’s Raid
(Urbana, 111., 1954); and Basil W. Duke,
Morgan’s Cavalry
(New York, 1906). See also William David Evans, “McCook’s Raid,” M.A. thesis (University of Georgia, 1976).

The best overview of guerrilla activities is Albert Castel’s issue of
Civil War Times Illustrated,
“The Guerrilla War,” XIII, vi (1974), 3–50. Biographies of Mosby and Quantrill present extremes of the spectrum on irregular combat. See also Michael R. Kirkby, “Partisan and Counter-Partisan Activity in Northern Virginia,” M.A. thesis (University of Georgia, 1977).

On atrocities and alleged atrocities, see Liva Baker, “The Burning of Chambersburg,” American Heritage XXIV, (1973), 36–39, 97; Hartwell T. Bynum, “Sherman’s Expulsion of the Roswell Women in 1864,”
Georgian Historical Quarterly,
LIV (1970), 162–182; Charles R. Mink, “General Orders, No. 11: The Forced Evacuation of Civilians during the Civil War,”
Military Affairs,
XXXIV (1970), 132–136; William C. Davis, “The Massacre at Saltville,”
Civil War Times Illustrated,
IX (1971), X, 4–11, 43–48; Ronald K. Huch, “Fort Pillow Massacre: The Aftermath of Paducah,”
Illinois State Historical Society Journal,
LXVI (1973), 62–70; and John L.Jordan, “Was There a Massacre at Fort Pillow?,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly,
VI (1947), 99–133.

Finally, some miscellaneous studies merit mention: Warren Ripley,
Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War
(New York, 1970); John Bakeless,
Spies of the Confederacy
(Philadelphia 1970); Francis A. Lord and Arthur Wise,
Uniforms of the Civil War
(South Brunswick, N.J., 1970); Archie P. McDonald (ed.),
Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson’s Topographer
(Dallas, 1973); June I. Gow, “Chiefs of Staff in the Army of Tennessee Under Braxton Bragg,”
Tennessee Historical Quarterly,
XXVII (1968), 341–360; and Jennings C. Wise,
The Long Arm of Lee: Or the History of the Artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia,
2 vols. (Lynchburg, Va., 1915).

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

Act to Increase the Military Force of the Confederate States (1865), 296

Adams, Charles Francis, 172

Adams, John, on American Revolution, 4

Adams, Sam, 38

“Address to the Slaveholding States,” 46, 47

Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs, The
, (Hooper), 27

agriculture

and food shortages, 1863, 199–200

in prewar economy, 12–13, 15–16

Alabama, secession, 38, 43, 49–51

Alabama,
raider, 182–183

battle with
Kearsage,
278–279

Alabama Platform, 49

Albemarle,
ironclad, 279

Alexandria, ship, 183

Alexandria Light Artillery, 119

Allen, Henry W., 291, 293

Anderson, James Patton, 52

Anderson, Joseph R., and Tredegar Iron Works, 212–213

Anderson, Robert, and defense of Fort Sumter, 68–71, 90–93

Antietam (Sharpsburg), battle of, 164, 180, 181

Appomattox, surrender at, 212, 302–303

architecture, prewar, 26–27

aristocracy, wartime, 233–234

see also
planters

Arkansas, vote on secession, 87, 94

Arkansas,
ironclad, 162

army

beginnings of, 74–76

enlisted forces, 135–136

impressment of private property authorized, 196

vs. Union army, 155

see also
Army of Northern Virginia; Army of Tennessee

Army of Northern Virginia, 254–255, 256

in flight, 300, 302

Lee takes over, 160

at Marye’s Heights, 165

at Petersburg, 269–270, 283

surrender at Appomattox, 212, 302–303

see also
Lee, Robert E.

Army of Tennessee, 256

at Chattanooga, 251, 253–254

moves from Atlanta to Tennessee, 274

at Resaca, 270

under Hood, 281–282

see also
Bragg, Braxton; Johnston, Joseph E.

Army of the Ohio, at Cassville, 271

Army of the Potomac

at Gettysburg, 242–243

at Marye’s Heights, 165

at Wilderness, 267

Atchison, David R., 88

Atlanta, battle of, 272

Bagby, George William, on Davis, 142

Banks, Nathaniel, at Sabine Crossroads and Pleasant Hill, 288

Barney, William L., 33

Barnwell, Robert W., 47, 57, 72

Bass, Uncle Dick, 238

Baylor, John B., 123

Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 75, 266

at Charleston, 215

evacuates Corinth, 162

feud with Davis, 141

at first Manassas, 108, 110–116

at Fort Sumter, 91–92

at Petersburg, 269

at Shiloh, 146–147

at Vicksburg, 218

“Beauregard’s March,” 229

Bee, Bernard E., 114

Bell, John, 48, 49, 55, 87, 88–89

Benét, Stephen Vincent, 12

Benjamin, Judah P., 116–117

and battle of Roanoke Island, 121, 123

becomes secretary of state, 148–149

and changing1 diplomacy, 177–178

ends missions to France and Britain, 256

named attorney general, 78–80

vote of no confidence in, 139

Bentonville, battle of, 289

blacks

in noncombatant military duties, 260

offer to join army, 262

as strikebreakers, 235–236

in Union armies, 237

wartime experience, 221

see also
slavery; slaves

Blackwood’s
magazine, 178

Blair, Francis Preston Sr., and Hampton Roads Conference, 294–295

blockade of Confederate ports, 128–129, 147

and cotton shortage in European mills, 174–175

and shipment of supplies, 1863, 206

blockade running, 289

government regulation of cargo, 265

bonds

to finance government, 73

and treasury notes, 197, 264–265

border states

and Confederate diplomacy, 84–85

decisions on secession, 86–90, 93–95

Bosserman, Alden, 151

Boston Tea Party, 38

Botts, John Minor, 151

Boyce, W. W., on Davis administration, 140–141

Boyd, Belle, 226

Bradford, William F., at Fort Pillow, 275

Bragg, Braxton, 74, 75, 90, 193

assigned to Richmond, 266

at Chattanooga, 216, 250–251, 253–254

at Chickamauga, 252–253

invades Kentucky, 163

at Murfreesboro, 165, 194

at Perryville, 164

and war in the west, 162

Bragg, Thomas, 148

bread riots, 1863, 203–205

Breckinridge, John C., 47–48, 49, 88, 287

Bristoe Station, battle of, 255

Brooke, John M., 129–130, 208, 213, 231

Brooks, Mary, 226–227

Brooks, Preston, caning of Sumner, 17–19, 20

Brooks, Walter, 99

Brown, Joe, 293

and conscription in Georgia, 154

Brown, John, capture and execution at Harpers Ferry, 2–3

Browne, William M., 148

brutality, 247–249, 274–277

Buchanan, Franklin

and ironclad
Virginia,
130, 131

at Mobile Bay, 279

Buchanan, James, 52

and assault on Fort Sumter, 68, 70, 71, 76

Buckner, Simon B., at Fort Donelson, 127

Buell, Don Carlos

and battles for Tennessee, 126

at Perryville, 164

at Shiloh, 146–147

Bulloch, James Dunwoody, 128, 129

and commercial war, 182–183

Bull Run,
see
Manassas (Bull Run)

Burnside, Ambrose E.

at Marye’s Heights, 165

at Roanoke Island, 121–122

bushwhacking, 247–249

Butler, Andrew P., 17

cabinet

Davis sets up, 72–80

position on arming slaves, 293

proposal for Congressional seating, 195

reorganized, 148–149

Calhoun, John C., 29–32, 222

Cameron, Simon, 93

Campbell, John A., 81

Campbell, John A., at Hampton Roads Conference, 295

Cannibals All
(Fitzhugh), 30

Caperton’s Ferry, 251

Carter, Jimmy, 306

Cash, W. J., 19

Castle Goodwin military prison, 151

Castle Pinckney, 70

casualties

at Atlanta, 274

at Fort Pillow, 275

at Franklin, 281

at Gettysburg, 243

at Marye’s Heights, 165

Cavour, Count, 168

Cedar Creek, battle of, 284

Chamberlain, Joshua, on surrender at Appomattox, 303

Chambersburg, burning of, 276

Champion’s Hill, battle of, 218

Chancellorsville, battle of, 216–217

Charleston, Union assault on, 215

Charleston and Savannah Railroad, 157

Charleston
Courier,
293

Charleston
Mercury,
42, 69, 142, 192, 292, 293

Chattanooga, battle of, 216, 250–251, 253–254

Chattanooga
Rebel,
230

Cheat Mountain, battle of, 125

Chesnut, James, 40

and capture of Fort Sumter, 91–93

Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 35, 77, 230

on altered postwar relationships, 240

on food in Montgomery, 40

on Northrup, 135

Chew, Robert, 91

Chickamauga, battle of, 252–253

Chilton, William P., 57

churches and Confederate cause, 245–247

Clausewitz, Karl von, 105

Clay, Henry, 88

Cleburne, Patrick

at Chattanooga, 254

at Franklin, 281

proposal to free slaves, 261–264

Cleburne’s Memorial, 262–263, 292

Cobb, Howell, 27, 52–60 passim, 116

on arming slaves, 292–293

Cobb, T. R. R., 47, 52–53, 54, 59, 62

on Davis, 139

Cold Harbor, battle of, 269

commercial war, 182–183

Commissary Bureau, and impressment of private property, 196

Compromise of 1850, 33, 52

Compulsory Funding Measure, 265

Confederate Patent Office, 190

Congress of Confederacy, 40

discusses limited emancipation, 290–293

and election of 1863, 257–258

final sessions, 286

Great Debate over representation, 65

provisional, 62

and report of military needs, 133–134

session of 1863, 194–198

Congress,
ship, 130–131

conscription act (1862), 152–155

Conscription Act (1864), 260–261

Conscription Bureau, 153, 154, 209–210, 261

abolished, 284

Constitution of Confederacy, 62–65

provisional, 44, 58

text, 307–322

Construction Bureau, 207

Cook and Brother Armory, 209

Cooke, John Esten, 230

Cooper, Samuel, 141

and first Manassas, 111

cooperationists, and secession, 41–42

Corinth, evacuation of, 162

Cornhill
magazine, 178

cotton, shortage in European mills, 174–175

The Cotton Boll
(Timrod), 25

cottonclads, 215

Crawford, Martin J., 81

Crittenden, John J., 88, 89

Cub Run, 119

cultural nationalism

and literature, 24–26, 27–28

and politics, 28–34

and religion, 21–23

culture, in wartime, 229–231

Cumberland,
ship, 130–131

currency, declining faith in, 284

see also
treasury notes

Cushing, E. H., on Shiloh, 156

Dahlgren, Ulric, at Richmond, 274–275

Daniel, John M., 168–169, 230

and opposition to Davis, 142

Davis, Jefferson, 48–49, 266

and capture of Fort Sumter, 90–91

and Confederate strategy, 104–108

and defense of Vicksburg, 218–219

difficulties with cabinet, 191–193

difficulties with Congress, 194–196

dissatisfaction with administration, 139–140

and elections of 1863, 257–258

feud with Beauregard, 141

and final sessions of Congress, 286–287

and first battle of Manassas, 111, 112, 115–116

flight from Richmond, 300, 302, 304–305

and Hampton Roads Conference, 294–295

inauguration, 59–62, 143, 148, 221

last proclamation, 300–301

moves to Richmond, 99, 100, 102–103

names Johnston to head Army of Tennessee, 259–260

newspaper opposition to, 142

and Peninsula campaign, 158–160

perception of Confederacy, 223–224

proposes limited emancipation, 290–293

quarrel with Johnston, 141

relieves Johnston of command, 271–272

reorganizes cabinet, 148–150

report of military needs, 133–134

and Richmond food riot, 204

and runaway slaves, 241–242

sets up government, 71–80

on siege of Vicksburg, 244

Davis, Varina, 117, 160

tiffs with wives of other officials, 141–142

Dayton, William L., 172

“Declaration of the Immediate Causes of Secession,” 46

Delaware, stand on secession, 89–90

DeLeon, Edwin, 178, 179, 256

de Morny, Count, 84

diplomacy, Confederate, 80–85

changing1, 177–178

failure of missions, 256–257

disaffection, 234

Douglas, Stephen A., 48, 49

draft

evasion, and social ferment, 234

exemption, 153

law, 152–155

and war industries, 1863, 209–210

Drewry’s Bluff, battle of, 160

Drouyn de Lhuys, 181

Ducktown copper mines, 257

Duffield Station, mail train raid at, 288

Dupre, Lucius, 156

Early, Jubal

at Chambersburg, 276

at first Manassas, 115

at Fredericksburg, 216

at Shenandoah Valley, 283–284

economic policy, and military performance, 136–137

economy

demands on, 1863, 199–200

industrial, 206–213

prewar, 12–16

elections of 1863, 257–258

Ellis, John W., 86, 93

emancipation

Cleburne’s proposal, 261–264

Davis’s proposal, 290–293

Emancipation Proclamation, 180, 181

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 19

employment, in war industry, 1863, 209

Erlanger, Emile, 187, 188

Erlanger and Co., loan to Confederacy, 187–188

Evans, Augusta Jane, 230

Ewell, Richard S., at Gettysburg, 243

Ezra Church, battle of, 272

Fairfax Court House, 119

Farragut, David

at Mobile Bay, 279

at New Orleans, 147

financial policies, and economic problems, 1862, 136–138

Fitzhugh, George, 30

on Confederate and American Revolutions, 222–223

Five Forks, battle of, 300

Fleet, Benny, 230

on blockade running, 289

Fleet, Fred, on siege of Petersburg, 283

Florida, secession, 38, 51–52

Floyd, John B., 140

at Fort Donelson, 127

folk culture, prewar South, 9–10

food prices, Richmond, 1862, 137

food riots, 203–205, 233–234

food supply problems, 1863, 199–201

in Richmond, 201–205

Foote, Andrew H., and battles for Tennessee, 126, 127

Foote, Henry S., 195, 286

and vote of no confidence, 139

foraging, and food shortages, 1863, 200

Forrest, Nathan Bedford

at Ford Pillow, 275

at Johnsonville, 288

on war’s end, 304

Forsyth, John, 81

Fort Donelson, capture of, 126–127

Fort Fisher, battle of, 289

Fort Hatteras, 120

Fort Heiman, capture of, 126

Fort Henry, battle of, 126

Fort Jackson, 147

Fort Monroe, 145

Fort Moultrie, and assault on Fort Sumter, 67, 68, 70, 71

Fort Pickens, 75, 76

Fort Pillow Massacre, 275–276

Fort Pulaski, 75

capture of, 147

Fort St. Phillip, 147

Fort Sumter, assault on, 67–71, 90–93