The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (427 page)
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Authors: John Bowker
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Bonfire of vanities
(burning of frivolous or lewd items)
:
(burning of frivolous or lewd items)
:
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
(1906–45).
German pastor and Christian (
Lutheran
) theologian. Bonhoeffer took a leading part in drafting the
Barmen Declaration
. He attempted to found a seminary for pastors of the
Confessing Church
, but this was soon closed down. He continued to oppose Hitler, and was arrested in Apr. 1943. His
Letters and Papers from Prison
are a moving testament. He was executed on 9 Apr. 1945, commemorated in the nearby church by a tablet which states, ‘Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a witness of Jesus Christ among his brethren.’
His theological work was, obviously, unfinished. He accepted with
Barth
that religion as a human enterprise was an inevitable failure; but in contrast, indeed, he envisaged a ‘religionless Christianity’, commensurate with ‘a world come of age’.
German pastor and Christian (
Lutheran
) theologian. Bonhoeffer took a leading part in drafting the
Barmen Declaration
. He attempted to found a seminary for pastors of the
Confessing Church
, but this was soon closed down. He continued to oppose Hitler, and was arrested in Apr. 1943. His
Letters and Papers from Prison
are a moving testament. He was executed on 9 Apr. 1945, commemorated in the nearby church by a tablet which states, ‘Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a witness of Jesus Christ among his brethren.’
His theological work was, obviously, unfinished. He accepted with
Barth
that religion as a human enterprise was an inevitable failure; but in contrast, indeed, he envisaged a ‘religionless Christianity’, commensurate with ‘a world come of age’.
Boniface, St
(680–754).
Christian ‘apostle to Germany’. He was a native of Devon who, after earlier missionary visits, received the support of the pope for his work in Germany in 722. The challenge involved in felling the Oak of Thor at Geismar led to a breakthrough in recognition, and not much later he laid the foundations of church organization in Germany. After becoming archbishop of Mainz, he returned to missionary work in Frisia where he was martyred. Feast day, 5 June.
Christian ‘apostle to Germany’. He was a native of Devon who, after earlier missionary visits, received the support of the pope for his work in Germany in 722. The challenge involved in felling the Oak of Thor at Geismar led to a breakthrough in recognition, and not much later he laid the foundations of church organization in Germany. After becoming archbishop of Mainz, he returned to missionary work in Frisia where he was martyred. Feast day, 5 June.
Boniface VIII
(
c.
1235–1303).
Pope
from 24 Dec. 1294. He was born Benedict Gaetani, and after studying law, served in a variety of posts in the Roman
curia
. As a
cardinal
he was instrumental in 1294 in persuading Celestine V to resign the papacy, and was elected in Celestine's place. His pontificate was dominated by the struggle with Philip the Fair of France, which led to the bull
Unam Sanctam
proclaiming that there is no salvation or remission of sins outside communion with the bishop of Rome (see
EXTRA ECCLESIAM NULLA SALUS
). Boniface was on the point of excommunicating Philip in Sept. 1303 when his palace at Anagni was attacked by the Colonnas and French-led mercenaries. The pope was briefly held captive, and died a month later as a consequence of his treatment.
c.
1235–1303).
Pope
from 24 Dec. 1294. He was born Benedict Gaetani, and after studying law, served in a variety of posts in the Roman
curia
. As a
cardinal
he was instrumental in 1294 in persuading Celestine V to resign the papacy, and was elected in Celestine's place. His pontificate was dominated by the struggle with Philip the Fair of France, which led to the bull
Unam Sanctam
proclaiming that there is no salvation or remission of sins outside communion with the bishop of Rome (see
EXTRA ECCLESIAM NULLA SALUS
). Boniface was on the point of excommunicating Philip in Sept. 1303 when his palace at Anagni was attacked by the Colonnas and French-led mercenaries. The pope was briefly held captive, and died a month later as a consequence of his treatment.
Bonpu-no-j
shiki
shiki(Jap., ‘every person's awareness’). According to Zen Buddhism, ordinary, everyday consciousness, which is fraught with delusion (
mayoi
)—as opposed to the enlightened mind.
mayoi
)—as opposed to the enlightened mind.
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