The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (268 page)
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Authors: John Bowker
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Ashram
:
:
RAMA
Ashrei
(Heb., ‘happy are they’). First word of a reading from the book of Psalms used in the Jewish
liturgy
.
liturgy
.
Ashtoreth
or Astarte
.
or Astarte
.
Pagan Goddess. Frequently designated in the Bible as the feminine version of
Ba‘alim
and generally used to mean pagan worship.
Ba‘alim
and generally used to mean pagan worship.
‘Ash
r
’
r’(Arab., from Heb.,
‘
s
r
, ‘tenth [of the month]’). The Jewish
Day of Atonement
, observed as a day of fasting by the early Muslim community in
Mad
na
. It became a voluntary fast day on 10
Mu
arram
, often observed by the pious. For
Sh
‘a
Muslims, this is the anniversary of the death of
al-Husain
at the hands of the Caliph Yaz
d, and it is observed often with displays of self-inflicted wounds indicating willingness for martyrdom, and by martyrdom plays (
ta‘ziya
).
‘
sr, ‘tenth [of the month]’). The Jewish
Day of Atonement
, observed as a day of fasting by the early Muslim community in
Mad
na. It became a voluntary fast day on 10
Mu
arram, often observed by the pious. For
Sh
‘aMuslims, this is the anniversary of the death of
al-Husain
at the hands of the Caliph Yaz
d, and it is observed often with displays of self-inflicted wounds indicating willingness for martyrdom, and by martyrdom plays (ta‘ziya
).
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