The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2497 page)

ammad, and not via other teachers/guides. They adjusted to W. rule, especially to the French, and are therefore strong in parts of Africa which were formerly French colonies.

 
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(1724–83).
Russian
bishop
and writer on religious and spiritual matters. Born of poor parents, he studied at the seminary in Novgorod, where he later became professor, taking monastic vows in 1758. In 1761 he was consecrated bishop and in 1763 became bishop of Voronezh. He resigned in 1767 and retired to the monastery of Zadonsk from 1769. Both as bishop and recluse he displayed deep pastoral concern and devoted himself to those in need. He is unusual in Orthodox spirituality in his experience and understanding of the
dark night of the soul
, though otherwise he is deeply rooted in the ascetic and mystical traditions of
Russian Orthodoxy
. He is believed to be the model for Zosima in Dostoevsky's
The Brothers Karamazov
.

 
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Tikkun
.

Jewish kabbalistic term for cosmic repair. Tikkun is particularly associated with the thought of Isaac
Luria
.

 
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Tikkun
atsot
.

Jewish ceremony, mainly among kabbalists, held at midnight in order to make repair and restitution by means of penitence (see
TESHUVAH
) in response to the exile (
galut
) of God's presence following the destruction of the
Temple
.

 
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(Heb., ‘repair of the
Scribes
’). Changes in the text of the
Heb.
Bible
. The
rabbis
attribute eighteen tikkunim (pl.) to the men of the Great
Synagogue
, who changed the text because it showed lack of respect to God.

 
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Tikkun tal
:

see
DEW, PRAYER FOR
.

 
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