al-Tustar
(Muslim theologian and mystic)
:
Alumbrados
(Span., also known from Lat., as
Illuminati
). Movements for reform, based on personal holiness and enlightenment, in 16th/17th cent. Spain. At least three different groups have been identified, attracting both educated and uneducated adherents. Because of their supposed connection with
Lutheranism
, they were fiercely persecuted by the
Inquisition
; yet prominent figures (e.g.
Ignatius Loyola
,
John of the Cross
,
Teresa of Avila
) were all accused of illuminism, illustrating how close were the goals of holiness for these diverse figures.
A-luo-ben
(Persian Christian monk)
: