The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1075 page)

 
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(Arab., ‘exertion’). An independent judgement concerning a legal or theological question, based on the interpretation and application of the roots of Islamic law (
Qur’
n
,
Sunna
), as opposed to
taql
d
. The
mujt
hid
(the one who makes and mediates such judgements) is particularly important in Shi‘a Islam, in contrast to the ‘ulam
.

 
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(Jap., ‘living flowers’). The practice of flower-contemplation, often (but misleadingly) called the art of flower-arranging in Japan; also known as
kad
, the ‘Way of flowers’. By the 15th cent., informal traditions of floral arranging became formalized into distinct, stylistic ‘schools’—each with their own oral and written teachings, and each with their own line of master teachers. These exist today as the Ohara, Ikenobo, and Sogetsu schools.

 
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(b. 1928)
, Japanese third president of
S
ka Gakkai
. With a strong missionary sense, he set out to raise the membership to three million, and to establish S
ka Gakkai International. In 1983, he received the UN Peace Award.