The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1072 page)
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Authors: John Bowker
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Idr
s
(Muslim Enoch)
:
s(Muslim Enoch)
:
see ENOCH.
Iglesia ni Cristo
(Tagalog, ‘Church of Christ’). The largest
Protestant
church in the Philippines, founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo (1886–1963), the ‘angel from the East’ of Revelations 7. 12, sent to restore the true church among the chosen Filipino people. Based on a literal reading of the Bible,
unitarian
in christology, and highly polemical in relation to other churches, it has expanded into other parts of the world since 1968.
Protestant
church in the Philippines, founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo (1886–1963), the ‘angel from the East’ of Revelations 7. 12, sent to restore the true church among the chosen Filipino people. Based on a literal reading of the Bible,
unitarian
in christology, and highly polemical in relation to other churches, it has expanded into other parts of the world since 1968.
Iglesia popular
(‘church arising from the people’)
:
(‘church arising from the people’)
:
Ignatian spirituality
:
:
Ignatius, St
(d.
c.
107).
Bishop of
Antioch
. Nothing is known of his life beyond his journey under guard across Asia Minor to Rome to be martyred. He was received along the way by representatives of five local churches (Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, Philadelphia, Smyrna), and sent a letter back to each. These five letters, with one to the church at Rome and one to
Polycarp
, were early collected and venerated (and other spurious letters added to them). The letters witness to the emergence of the office of
bishop
, to which Ignatius was passionately committed as the best safeguard of the unity of the
Church
. The letter to the Romans also shows Ignatius's ardent desire for
martyrdom
. Feast day, 17 Oct. or 17 Dec. (W.); 20 Dec. (E.).
c.
107).
Bishop of
Antioch
. Nothing is known of his life beyond his journey under guard across Asia Minor to Rome to be martyred. He was received along the way by representatives of five local churches (Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, Philadelphia, Smyrna), and sent a letter back to each. These five letters, with one to the church at Rome and one to
Polycarp
, were early collected and venerated (and other spurious letters added to them). The letters witness to the emergence of the office of
bishop
, to which Ignatius was passionately committed as the best safeguard of the unity of the
Church
. The letter to the Romans also shows Ignatius's ardent desire for
martyrdom
. Feast day, 17 Oct. or 17 Dec. (W.); 20 Dec. (E.).
Ignatius (of) Loyola
(1491)/1495–1556).
Founder of the Society of Jesus (
Jesuits
). Born of a noble family, he became a soldier and was wounded during the siege of Pampeluna (1521). During a prolonged convalescence he read Ludolf of Saxony's
Life of Christ
and various lives of the saints which led him to abandon his military career. Upon recovery he went to Montserrat, made his confession, hung up his sword before a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and exchanged clothes with a beggar. There followed a year (1522–3) of prayer and mortification at Manresa, the fruit of which profound experience is manifest in his
Spiritual Exercises
, probably written there. He then went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, via Rome, and on his return studied for eleven years, first in Spain, then in Paris. In 1534, he and six companions (including
Francis Xavier
) took religious vows. In 1540 the Society of Jesus was formally established, with Ignatius its first general. The Ignatian way in prayer, based on the
Exercises
, moves religion from the head to the heart, in absolute devotion to God. The claim of the
Exercises
is that the specific will of God for this person can be found, and that God will ‘deal directly with the creature, and the creature directly with his/her Creator and Lord’. See also
JESUITS
.
Founder of the Society of Jesus (
Jesuits
). Born of a noble family, he became a soldier and was wounded during the siege of Pampeluna (1521). During a prolonged convalescence he read Ludolf of Saxony's
Life of Christ
and various lives of the saints which led him to abandon his military career. Upon recovery he went to Montserrat, made his confession, hung up his sword before a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and exchanged clothes with a beggar. There followed a year (1522–3) of prayer and mortification at Manresa, the fruit of which profound experience is manifest in his
Spiritual Exercises
, probably written there. He then went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, via Rome, and on his return studied for eleven years, first in Spain, then in Paris. In 1534, he and six companions (including
Francis Xavier
) took religious vows. In 1540 the Society of Jesus was formally established, with Ignatius its first general. The Ignatian way in prayer, based on the
Exercises
, moves religion from the head to the heart, in absolute devotion to God. The claim of the
Exercises
is that the specific will of God for this person can be found, and that God will ‘deal directly with the creature, and the creature directly with his/her Creator and Lord’. See also
JESUITS
.
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